<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=Windows-1252">
<style type="text/css" style="display:none;"><!-- P {margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;} --></style>
</head>
<body dir="ltr">
<div id="divtagdefaultwrapper" style="font-size:12pt;color:#000000;background-color:#FFFFFF;font-family:Calibri,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
<p><br style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;">
</p>
<div style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">
<div>
<div class="WordSection1">
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><a href="https://unidir.org/commentary/pandemics-are-not-gender-neutral-gender-analysis-can-improve-response-disease-outbreaks" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: blue; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://unidir.org/commentary/pandemics-are-not-gender-neutral-gender-analysis-can-improve-response-disease-outbreaks</span></span></a></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 165, 228); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><strong>Pandemics Are Not Gender-Neutral: Gender
Analysis Can Improve Response To Disease Outbreaks</strong></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: rgb(13, 13, 13); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In COVID-19, the world faces its biggest global
crisis for decades. Gender may not be at the forefront of people’s minds, but it should not be ignored. Pandemics are not gender-neutral and gender-informed responses can improve how infectious disease outbreaks are tackled.</span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 17.25pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The
measures put in place to combat COVID-19 in many parts of the globe are unprecedented. They include the closure of schools, childcare facilities and businesses, travel restrictions, self-isolation, and quarantine in many states. These actions will affect women
and men, girls and boys, differently</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.
Governments should bear these differences in mind in their response strategies, including in public messaging and reporting protocols. This could help to increase resilience and aid recovery from the pandemic.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 17.25pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In
a 2019 research report</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,
we argued that applying a gender lens to biosecurity threats can contribute to States’ preparedness for, and rapid recovery from, biological incidents. Our paper was focused on the gendered impacts of biological weapons – and there is no credible evidence
to suggest that COVID-19 is a biological weapon. Nonetheless, as part of the study, we analyzed past Ebola, SARS and other natural disease outbreaks to better understand their gendered impacts. As we grapple with the spread of COVID-19, it’s worth revisiting
those research findings.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 17.25pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Understanding
how gender norms structure societies can help to uncover different patterns of exposure between men and women, boys and girls. For example, in many parts of the world women operate as the primary caregivers in both domestic settings and professionally, where
women make up more than 80 percent of the nursing and midwifery global workforce. This can leave women at greater risk of exposure to pathogens. This was evident during the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. Women there were in many cases primarily responsible
for caring for the sick and performing burial practices. This trend, in part, explains the disproportionate number of female Ebola cases in countries, such as Guinea</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and
Liberia</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 17.25pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Uneven
access to information</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> can
compound gendered differences in patterns of exposure. Research into Ebola suggests that, in some cultures, differences in opportunities for formal education</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> were
among the causes of the deadly disease’s spread. So was the exclusion of women from meetings</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> at
which Ebola responses were considered. This can create a situation in which those most at risk of exposure to infectious disease are denied access to critical information on good practices to minimize the risk of infection. Addressing this challenge requires
consideration of cultural factors, specifically how to overcome gendered communication barriers to get health messages through to key actors, such as primary caregivers.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 17.25pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Our
findings are backed by wider research highlighting gendered patterns of engagement with health care</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> across
different cultures. Various factors affect health care engagement, such as the distribution of power and resources at different levels of society. The perceived stigma of having a disease is another, under-appreciated factor, and something which is also gendered
in certain societies. For example, with Tuberculosis “[e]vidence from South Asia, Africa, and Vietnam suggests that the potential for stigmatization affects women's help-seeking more than men</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">9</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and
is linked to fears of contagion and social isolation”. As recent articles on COVID-19 demonstrate, the fear of stigmatization can dissuade people from seeking medical assistance</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(0, 165, 228); text-transform: uppercase; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">10</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> and
reporting cases of infection. In turn, this can affect monitoring and response strategies. As such, means to counter and minimize stigma need to be considered, particularly through public health messaging.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 17.25pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Disease
outbreaks can have serious psychological effects. COVID-19 will be no exception. For example, one study of Ebola reported “profound psychosocial implications at individual, community and international levels</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">11</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">”.
Research into the long-term impact of the outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which is from the same family of coronaviruses as COVID-19 and SARS, suggested that MERS survivors have a high chance of adverse psychiatric consequences, even after
their recovery. Indeed, almost two-thirds of survivors suffered from significant psychiatric problems</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">12</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,
including post-traumatic symptoms, sleep problems, anxiety, and depression. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects women and men, boys and girls – but not necessarily equally. Responding to gendered differences in coping style</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">13</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">,
might, therefore, aid societal recovery in the long term.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 17.25pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">As
countries struggle to address COVID-19, it will be important to develop strategies that consider gender and incorporate the voices of women who are often on the front line of local and national responses. It should become evident that gender analysis is not
a luxury, even in an emergency. It can help us ask the right questions and focus on the right issues to reduce the spread of the disease, treat people appropriately, and recover swiftly.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 17.25pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Applying
a gender lens to public health emergencies would involve addressing questions, such as:</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 16.75pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What are the different needs and priorities of women and men in the context of the
proposed policy?</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 16.75pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What roles do women and men perform in the context of the policy?</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 16.75pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">What resources (economic, financial, physical, natural, other assets) and information
do women and men have access to? </span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 16.75pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Are there existing gender inequalities that may be exacerbated by the proposed policy?</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Do women and men have equal access to and influence over policy development and
decision-making?</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 16.75pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Are the services and technologies that the policy provides available and accessible
to both women and men?</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 16.75pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Do follow-up protocols address the needs of specific groups (e.g. families with
children, persons with disabilities, the elderly)?</span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in; line-height: 16.75pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;">
<span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">·</span><span style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">
</span></span></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Are systems in place to collect, track and publish relevant sex-disaggregated data
and statistics?</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 17.25pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Beyond
mainstreaming gender in public health systems, governments should also support research on the differentiated impacts of disease among women, men, boys and girls. Thus far, gender perspectives have been largely absent from research on disease outbreaks. For
example, a review of over 600 scholarly articles published on the Zika virus epidemic between January 2015 and May 2016 found that only one paper included the term gender among its keywords</span></span><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">14</span></span></sup><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">.
Improving data collection and furthering scientific research on the gendered dimensions of outbreaks will allow us to make women and men’s needs and realities visible and serve as a basis for gender-responsive health policies.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 17.25pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<i style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: rgb(30, 30, 30); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The authors are grateful
to Dr. John Borrie and Dr. Renata Dwan for their thoughtful comments and suggestions.</span></span></i></p>
<p style="line-height: 17.25pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><span style="color: rgb(0, 165, 228); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Footnotes:</span></span></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[1]
Lewis, Helen. "The Coronavirus is a Disaster for Feminism." The Atlantic: 19 March 2020. </span><a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/03/feminism-womens-rights-coronavirus-covid19/608302/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/03/feminism-womens-rights-coronavirus-covid19/608302/</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><sup style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[2]</span></span></sup></b><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> Dalaqua,
Renata Hessmann, James Revill, Alastair Hay, Nancy Connell. "Missing Links: Understanding Sex- and Gender-Related Impacts of Chemical and Biological Weapons." 2019. Geneva, Switzerland: UNIDIR. </span><a href="https://unidir.org/publication/missing-links-understanding-sex-and-gender-related-impacts-chemical-and-biological" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://unidir.org/publication/missing-links-understanding-sex-and-gender-related-impacts-chemical-and-biological</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[3]
World Health Organization. "Barriers to rapid containment of the Ebola outbreak: Ebola Situation Assessment." 11 August 2014. </span><a href="https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/overview-august-2014/en/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/overview-august-2014/en/</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[4] Akanni, Tooni.
"Confronting Ebola in Liberia: the gendered realities." Open Democracy. 20 October 2014. </span><a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/confronting-ebola-in-liberia-gendered-realities-0/" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/confronting-ebola-in-liberia-gendered-realities-0/</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[5] Peters,
Melissa Minor. "Community perceptions of Ebola response efforts in Liberia: Montserrado and Nimba Counties." 18 December 2014. </span><a href="http://www.ebola-anthropology.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Oxfam-MMinorPeters-Liberia-Anthro-report_Dec2014.pdf" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">http://www.ebola-anthropology.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/Oxfam-MMinorPeters-Liberia-Anthro-report_Dec2014.pdf</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[6]
Ibid</span></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[7]
ibid</span></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[8]
Thompson, A.E., Anisimowicz, Y., Miedema, B. et al. "The influence of gender and other patient characteristics on health care-seeking behaviour: a QUALICOPC study." BMC Fam Pract 17, 38 (2016). </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-016-0440-0" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://doi.org/10.1186/s12875-016-0440-0</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[9] Jones
WK, Weil D, Coreil J, Shoush B. "Stigma: lessons from women." Centers for Disease Control and prevention: Volume 10, Number 11; November 2004. </span><a href="https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/11/04-0624_07_article" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/11/04-0624_07_article</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[10] Williamson, Elizabeth
and Kristin Hussey. "Party Zero: How a Soirée in Connecticut Became a ‘Super Spreader.’" The New York Times: 23 March 2020. </span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/coronavirus-westport-connecticut-party-zero.html" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/coronavirus-westport-connecticut-party-zero.html</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[11]
Van Bortel, Tine, Anoma Basnayake, et al."Psychosocial effects of an Ebola outbreak at individual, community and international levels." Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2016.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.158543" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.15.158543</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[12] Shin
J, Park HY, Kim JL, Lee JJ, Lee H, Lee SH, Shin HS. Psychiatric Morbidity of Survivors One Year after the Outbreak of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome in Korea, 2015. J Korean Neuropsychiatr Assoc. 2019 Aug;58(3):245-251. </span><a href="https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2019.58.3.245" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://doi.org/10.4306/jknpa.2019.58.3.245</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[13] O’Leary
A, Jalloh MF, Neria Y Fear and culture: contextualising mental health impact of the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa BMJ Global Health 2018;3:e000924.</span><a href="https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000924" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-000924</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 10.5pt; background: white; margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: rgb(47, 47, 47); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">[14]
Davies, Sarah E. and Belinda Bennett. "A gendered human rights analysis of Ebola and Zika: locating gender in global health emergencies." International Affairs 92: 5, 2016. </span><a href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/ia/inta92-5-01-daviesbennett.pdf" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span style="color: rgb(63, 137, 156); font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/ia/inta92-5-01-daviesbennett.pdf</span></span></a></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"> </p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
______________________________________________________</p>
</div>
<div id="DAB4FAD8-2DD7-40BB-A1B8-4E2AA1F9FDF2"><br>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>