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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">FYI<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES: MINING – WHOSE DEVELOPMENT?? – LOSS OF LAND – HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS – EXPLOITATION - REALITIES FOR WOMEN<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">WoMin Study: “<i>Given the known association between the presence of extractive industries and conflict, women are particularly impacted as these conflicts assume
gender-specific forms, such as sexual harassment, sexual abuse and rape</i>.”</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><img width="693" height="520" id="_x0000_i1025" src="cid:image002.png@01D5389E.D129E670"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">______________________________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:3.75pt;mso-line-height-alt:12.0pt;background:#3671B1">
<span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:shortcutregular;color:white;text-transform:uppercase">Mining ≠ Development: “We’re not going to eat minerals”
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:8.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#68696B"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#68696B"><a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals">https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><img border="0" width="406" height="271" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image006.jpg@01D5389E.D129E670" alt="https://justassociates.org/sites/justassociates.org/files/styles/regional-articles-images/public/xolobeniprotest_web_final.jpg?itok=fwq_y6nl"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">July 11, 2019 - Mining is one of the most prominent extractive industries in Southern Africa. Put forward as a pathway
to “development,” governments justify and cite its benefits to ordinary people as a self-evident linear chain reaction: to grow the economy, we need to attract foreign direct investment, which will create new jobs and in turn improve lives. However, women
in places such as Marange in Zimbabwe will tell you that mining has come at a dire cost and with minimal benefit to them. They will tell you about how mining projects have displaced them, violated labor laws, exploited and polluted their land and water, and
destroyed their sources of livelihood with nothing in return. Communities in places such as Xolobeni in South Africa will tell you that they have been fighting to protect their land, livelihood, and culture for years from an Australian mining company, its
South African partners, and government and traditional leaders who enable extractive industries.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">Communities located in these sought-after areas are not the primary beneficiaries of the profits from mining operations
on their land. Oftentimes, governments either do not request consent or disregard the community’s rights in the use of their land and resources. In fact, when communities protest, police and private security firms attack, dehumanize, and threaten them. They
are labeled “anti-development” and sometimes killed or disappeared at the hands of the government, local elites, and corporations who often work hand-in-hand to silence and delegitimize their demands and concerns. Despite these risks, communities most affected
are resisting and saying, “NO” to mining. They are challenging and redefining what development should be. As Nonhle Mbuthuma, leader of the Amadiba Crisis Committee said: “<i>Development is supposed to come from the bottom-up – start with the people. [It
is] not a top-down approach as governments and big companies define it</i>.”<i> </i>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:1.5pt;margin-left:0in;background:white">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DeliciousRoman;color:#355796">An Extractive
<i>Development</i> Model <o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">“Extractivism refers to the centering of economies around the extraction and export of raw natural resources; oil,
gas, precious minerals, forest products</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">…<i>Extractivism was the hallmark of colonialism and has continued unabated over centuries in Southern Africa. In the last two decades,
extractivism has increased in scope and intensity with the discovery of new minerals and the intensification of mono-cultivation across the continent, often on the back of large scale acquisitions,</i>” wrote Everjoice Win, in JASS’ publication,
<a href="https://justassociates.org/sites/justassociates.org/files/between-jesus-generals-invisibles-e-win-jass-sna.pdf">
<span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">Between Jesus, the Generals and the Invisibles</span></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">In the early 2000s, a rich reserve of diamonds was discovered in Marange, Zimbabwe. Soon after, the government granted concessions to seven
mining companies representing Chinese, South African, and Lebanese interests. The Zimbabwean government owned at least 50% of these companies.<a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftn1"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[1]</span></a>
After 10 years operating in Marange, the government did not renew the companies’ licenses and instead formed the Zimbabwe Consolidated Diamond Company in February 2016 to manage operations. Over the past decade, very little profit from the diamond trade has
benefited the public and most of it cannot be accounted for. As <a href="https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/conflict-diamonds/inside-job/">
<span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">Global Witness</span></a> reports, “<i>Since 2010, Zimbabwe has officially exported over 2.5 billion USD in diamonds according to official figures from Kimberly Process. According to the limited available government
reporting, only around 300 million USD can be clearly identified in public accounts.</i>”<a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftn2"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[2]</span></a> Most
of that money can be traced to the accounts of individuals in the security forces, and local and political elites.<a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftn3"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[3]</span></a>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">In 2019, the government granted Anjin, a Chinese mining company, a new mining concession and is set to
<a href="https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2019/03/08/anjin-set-to-resume-mining-in-chiadzwa/">
<span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">resume mining operations</span></a> in Marange together with a Russian company that was also granted a concession. Anjin is currently exploring the land and there are fears that this may go on for years whilst
minerals are being expropriated from Marange’s already dwindling diamond reserve. With the new government’s “open for business” mantra encouraging foreign investment, and the entrenched culture of corruption by economic and political elites, the future seems
like a repeat of the past – one with very minimal benefit to the people who need it the most. As Tariro* said:”
<i>The government has deserted us as the people of Chiadzwa [a community in Marange]. We are in a diamond-infested community but we have nothing but poverty to show for it</i>. “<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">In South Africa, Australian mining company – Transworld Energy and Mineral Resources (TEM) – has been seeking rights
to mine titanium in Xolobeni’s sand dunes. Mbuthuma’s organization Amadiba Crisis Committee has been fighting the
<a href="https://mg.co.za/article/2019-02-15-00-xolobeni-judders-as-mining-hovers">
<span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">Xolobeni Mine Sands Project</span></a>, which would affect five villages in the district: Sgidi, Mtentu, Sikombe, Kwayana, and Mdatya. In November 2018, the High Court ruled in the community’s favor stating that
the Mineral Resources Minister had to acquire the community’s prior consent before granting mining rights to TEM. As Mbuthuma explained in a regional convening co-hosted and led by JASS Southern Africa recently<a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftn4"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[4]</span></a>:
“<i>We are against the mining operation to the Australian mining company in our community. [Fighting] is not an easy task as mining companies always work together with the government. They don’t care about environmental degradation or destruction of our own
livelihoods as the community. So, we decided to take our own government to court. Since we went to the High Court against the operations of the company, in November, 2018, we won the high court case</i>.” Despite this win, the battle is far from over. “<i>The
judgement set a precedent for us. However, we did not know that our own government would appeal against the judgement and say that we, as the people who live there, do not know what is good for us. This is exactly a top-down profit-driven approach that disregards
people. Right now, we are fighting back and forth for the right to our land. Even if this doesn’t go the way we want, we will keep on fighting</i>,” added Mbuthuma.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:1.5pt;margin-left:0in;background:white">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DeliciousRoman;color:#355796">Whose development?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">“Extractivism…also encompasses the very negative impacts on the environment and ways of living of these often excluded
populations; poisoning and sucking up all the water, cutting down trees and natural vegetation, displacement and decimation of animals and people”
</span></i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftn5"><b><i><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[5]</span></i></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">Tariro is a Chiadzwa resident, one of the areas in Marange that is experiencing first-hand the impacts of diamond
mining. “<i>The extraction of diamonds in Chiadzwa has come at a cost, particularly for us as women.</i>
<i>[It] is more of a curse than a blessing to us. Before the discovery of diamonds, we were also benefiting from our trees that produced fruits and sometimes we used the trees to make wooden doors for sale. We could also farm in our gardens, but now we are
no longer allowed. Our roads have also been destroyed. We have no clinics.” </i>
As women are often responsible for their families, this has made life even more challenging given Zimbabwe’s already crumbling economy. Extreme poverty is endemic. As many Zimbabwean women attest, sustaining activist work is even more challenging when meeting
basic needs consumes daily survival in an unpredictable economy. Recently, the government introduced yet another
<a href="http://www.zbc.co.zw/breaking-govt-confirms-end-of-multi-currency-regime/">
<span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">new Zimbabwean currency</span></a> and banned the use of other currencies (USD, Rand, and British Pound) in purchasing goods. As a result, prices of basic commodities and the cost of living is increasing daily,
pushing them beyond the reach of many while some goods are unavailable altogether.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">Tariro’s organization*, has been at the forefront fighting mining companies and demanding accountability from the
government. However, these have come with great risks, given the heavy military presence in Marange. The Zimbabwe Defense Forces have been a major player in Marange since the discovery of diamonds. The security at Marange is tight – barbed fence wire and extensive
body searches are a normal occurrence. “[<i>The military]’s search for diamonds on women's bodies includes inserting gloved fingers in women's vaginas, and sometimes the same glove is used on many different women. Our health has also been greatly compromised
by the mining activities and this has seen some women giving birth to children with deformities</i>,” said Tariro.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">As a WoMin study concluded<a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftn6"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[6]</span></a>,
women’s bodies become battlegrounds in such situations, “<i>Given the known association between the presence of extractive industries and conflict, women are particularly impacted as these conflicts assume gender-specific forms, such as sexual harassment,
sexual abuse and rape</i>.” Tariro’s organization has been providing access to health services to those affected as well as taking mining companies to court to claim reparations. They have also created savings clubs called
<i>Mukando</i> where each member contributes money each month that can be used for raising chickens and kitchen gardens. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">Similarly, Mbuthuma’s organization has faced steady backlash in their fight against TEM. “<i>The chairperson of our
committee was brutally assassinated for fighting for our rights and no one was taken to account. The police keep on saying they are still investigating. Police are the lapdogs of the state</i>…,” explained Mbuthuma. Xolobeni communities are farmers who produce
vegetables such as sweet potatoes that are sold in South Africa’s big grocery chains such as Checkers and Shoprite. As Mbuthuma exclaimed, “<i>We are feeding the country</i>…<b>
</b><i>That is why [we fight] the mining; because mining is a foreign thing; it’s not for us. We’re not going to eat minerals. Minerals are going to be extracted and go to Europe, and we’re left to starve and in poverty..</i>.”
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:12.0pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:1.5pt;margin-left:0in;background:white">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:DeliciousRoman;color:#355796">Alternatives to Development<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">“<i>When we are trying to fight against developments like, mining, we’re labeled anti-development. This is a very
effective delegitimizing strategy, which creates wedges among us as people…I’m not sure why we (justice and human rights people) dropped development from our language, but it is important to put this word back into our lexicon and redefine what real development
means.</i>” – Everjoice Win<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">“Development is about land, and land is about identity, and once people have lost identity, they’ve lost who they
are. Without land, we have no identity. That is why land is so important, and that is why we’re pushing against this extractivism to happen in our land in the name of development,” says Mbuthuma.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">Tariro and Mbuthuma’s stories offer a glimpse of the failed promise of mining as an economic development strategy
for people, and underscore the need for local communities and justice activists to define and reclaim the meaning of “development.” As our colleague in Guatemala, Patricia Ardón emphasized, “<i>This form of extractivism is not new, but is increasingly blatant
in its privileging of consumption above life</i>.” Mbuthuma explained this well: “<i>People [in my community] are living a good life and they are self-employed, but the government doesn’t recognise that. They want us to be the slaves of somebody else – they
don’t recognise that people can sustain themselves. When they push for extractivism, it’s just short-term, and after that, the land is gone – it’s irreversible, damaged. We aren’t anti-development, we are for development but we want the development that develops
us</i>, <i>as people</i>.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">Tariro added<i>, “Anti-development labeling is used to dehumanize us. We are speaking the same language of development
through the construction of roads and clinics as a collective effort</i>…”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">The heated question of how to define development with regard to minerals is debated in a recent published book,
<i>The Future of Mining in South Africa: Sunset or Sunrise</i>?<a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftn7"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[7]</span></a> While focused on South Africa,
the issues presented are relevant for all of Southern Africa, and most mineral rich countries. Some of the questions explored are: How do mining affected communities struggle with land loss and environmental destruction? What should mining look like given
the reality of climate change? How does mining over the last 100 years size up in feminist perspective?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">*<b>We have concealed name of interviwee and her organization for security reasons</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">Everjoice Win is a JASS co-founder and Board Member. She is currently ActionAid’s Programmes and Global Engagement
Director</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftnref1"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[1]</span></a>
Global Witness, An Inside Job, “Zimbabwe: The State, the Security Forces, and A Decade of Disappearing Diamonds”, September 2017,
<a href="https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/conflict-diamonds/inside-job/">
<span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">https://www.globalwitness.org/en/campaigns/conflict-diamonds/inside-job/</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftnref2"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[2]</span></a>
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftnref3"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[3]</span></a>
Ibid<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftnref4"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[4]</span></a>
<i>Defending Rights in Hostile Contexts </i>Regional Convening co-hosted by JASS Southern Africa, Amnesty International and Oxfam South Africa. Check highlights on
<a href="https://twitter.com/jass4justice"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">Twitter</span></a>,
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/JASS4justice/"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">Facebook</span></a>, and
<a href="https://www.instagram.com/jass4justice/"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">Instagram</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftnref5"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[5]</span></a>
Everjoice Win, <a href="https://justassociates.org/sites/justassociates.org/files/between-jesus-generals-invisibles-e-win-jass-sna.pdf">
<span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">Between Jesus, the Generals and the Invisibles</span></a>, October 2013<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftnref6"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[6]</span></a>
“Extractivism’s Impacts on Women’s Bodies, Sexuality and Autonomy”, The WoMin Collection of Papers on Women, Gender and Extractivism,
<a href="https://womin.org.za/images/papers/paper-five.pdf"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">https://womin.org.za/images/papers/paper-five.pdf</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B"><a href="https://justassociates.org/en/article/mining-development-were-not-going-eat-minerals#_ftnref7"><span style="color:#0071B3;text-decoration:none">[7]</span></a>
Salimah Valiani, The Future of Mining in South Africa: Sunset or Sunrise, December 2018<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:16.8pt;background:white"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#3B3B3B">_____________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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