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<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/tackling-global-profitarchy-gender-and-choice-business-sector"><span style="color:blue">https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/tackling-global-profitarchy-gender-and-choice-business-sector</span></a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:Andes;color:#333333">Tackling the Global Profitarchy: Gender & the Choice of Business Sector<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:12.75pt;background:white">
<b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#C00000;text-transform:uppercase">Full 34-Page 2019 Report:
</span></b><a href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/734371558715932769/pdf/Tackling-the-Global-Profitarchy-Gender-and-the-Choice-of-Business-Sector.pdf"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/734371558715932769/pdf/Tackling-the-Global-Profitarchy-Gender-and-the-Choice-of-Business-Sector.pdf</span></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#787878;text-transform:uppercase"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:12.75pt;background:white">
<a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/markus-goldstein"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#337AB7;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none">MARKUS GOLDSTEIN</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#787878;text-transform:uppercase">
- </span></b><a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/paula-gonzalez-martinez"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#337AB7;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none">PAULA GONZALEZ MARTINEZ</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#787878;text-transform:uppercase">
- </span></b><a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/team/sreelakshmi-papineni"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#337AB7;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none">SREELAKSHMI PAPINENI</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#787878;text-transform:uppercase"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:12.75pt;background:white">
<a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/tackling-global-profitarchy-gender-and-choice-business-sector"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;text-decoration:none">English</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#787878">
- </span></b><a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/fr/voices/de-nouvelles-donnees-pour-mieux-lutter-contre-la-segregation-professionnelle-entre-les-sexes"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#337AB7;text-decoration:none">Français</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#787878">
- </span></b><a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/es/voices/estudio-de-la-jerarquia-de-ingresos-nivel-mundial-el-genero-y-la-eleccion-de-sectores"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#337AB7;text-decoration:none">Español</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#787878">
- </span></b><a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/zh-hans/voices/yingduiquanqiuliruncengjixingbieyuqiyedexuanze"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"MS Gothic";color:#337AB7;text-decoration:none">中文</span></b></a><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#787878">
- </span></b><a href="https://blogs.worldbank.org/ar/voices/tackling-global-profitarchy-gender-and-choice-business-sector"><b><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#337AB7;text-decoration:none">العربية</span></b></a><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#F6F6F6"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><img border="0" width="685" height="300" id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image002.jpg@01D5204B.1D5FEEC0" alt="© Anne Senges/World Bank Group"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#F6F6F6"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">© Anne Senges/World Bank Group<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:#F6F6F6"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Take a look at the U.S. holiday calendar and you will find several days marked to observe “</span><a href="http://www.equalpaytoday.org/equalpaydays"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#337AB7;text-decoration:none">Equal
Pay Day</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">” over the year. These symbolic days attempt to raise public awareness of the persistent gender and race pay gaps in the country. Despite significant progress in
women’s educational attainment and </span><a href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/female-labor-force-participation-oecd?time=1890..2016"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#337AB7;text-decoration:none">higher female labor
force participation rates in many countries</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">, progress in closing the gender pay gap, which takes the ratio of median earnings of all women to all men, has been slow. </span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=While+there+are+a+multitude+of+factors+at+play+when+it+comes+to+the+gender+earnings+gap+in+entrepreneurship%2C+sectoral+segregation+has+been+identified+as+an+important+determinant.&url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/tackling-global-profitarchy-gender-and-choice-business-sector/?cid=EXT_WBBlogTweetableShare_D_EXT&via=WorldBank" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;text-decoration:none">While
there are a multitude of factors at play when it comes to the gender earnings gap in entrepreneurship, sectoral segregation has been identified as an important determinant. </span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"> Women
tend to sort into different sectors than men, and the traditionally female sectors are characterized by lower returns. So, do women earn higher returns in sectors traditionally characterized as male? Can we learn anything from the female entrepreneurs who
have successfully circumvented some of the challenges and entered higher-return male-dominated sectors? How large are the gaps in earnings when we account for differences in sectors across the world?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">In a new paper “</span><a href="http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/734371558715932769/Tackling-the-Global-Profitarchy-Gender-and-the-Choice-of-Business-Sector"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#337AB7;text-decoration:none">Tackling
the Global Profitarchy: Gender and the Choice of Business Sector</span></i></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">” we set out to answer these questions on a global level. The paper uses data from the </span><a href="https://dataforgood.fb.com/tools/future-of-business-survey/"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#337AB7;text-decoration:none">Facebook</span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"> administered
Future of Business survey spanning 97 countries on 55,932 female and male enterprises operating in sectors that are typically dominated by the same or opposite sex.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">We find that, indeed, </span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=women+who+enter+male-dominated+sectors+earn+66%25+higher+profits+than+women+who+remain+in+traditionally+female-concentrated+sectors.&url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/tackling-global-profitarchy-gender-and-choice-business-sector/?cid=EXT_WBBlogTweetableShare_D_EXT&via=WorldBank" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;text-decoration:none">women
who enter male-dominated sectors earn 66% higher profits than women who remain in traditionally female-concentrated sectors. </span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"> A hierarchy of earnings -- “the profitarchy”
-- emerges whereby men in male-dominated sectors are the top earners, women in male-dominated sectors and men in female-concentrated sectors in the middle tier, and women in female-concentrated sectors at the bottom. </span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Globally%2C+the+average+male+owned+firm+in+a+male-dominated+sector+has+slightly+more+than+double+%28%2B116%25%29+the+profits+of+a+female+owned+firm+in+a+female-concentrated+sector.&url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/tackling-global-profitarchy-gender-and-choice-business-sector/?cid=EXT_WBBlogTweetableShare_D_EXT&via=WorldBank" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;text-decoration:none">Globally,
the average male owned firm in a male-dominated sector has slightly more than double (+116%) the profits of a female owned firm in a female-concentrated sector. </span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><img border="0" width="1267" height="1467" id="Picture_x0020_3" src="cid:image004.jpg@01D5204B.1D5FEEC0" alt="The Profitarchy"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:white">
<b><span style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:Andes;color:#333333">How did we study this?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Facebook, in partnership with the World Bank and the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD),
designed and conducted the bi-annual </span><a href="https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/future-business-survey-aggregated-data"><i><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#337AB7;text-decoration:none">Future of Business</span></i></a><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"> survey
which offers a survey to global micro, small and medium sized enterprises (MSMEs) that have an active Facebook business page. The paper utilizes the latest wave of the data (December 2018) from the survey, gathered from business owners, managers and employees
in 97 countries, across 4 continents offering an extensive level of geographic coverage. This large dataset provides a unique opportunity to study the gender earnings gap on a global level. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:28.5pt;background:white"><b><span style="font-size:24.0pt;font-family:Andes;color:#333333">Image<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:13.5pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"><img border="0" width="1011" height="1100" id="Picture_x0020_4" src="cid:image006.jpg@01D5204B.1D5FEEC0" alt="GIL_FB_Figure2_SectorGraph"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">First, we classified male-dominated sectors from the perspective of the female enterprise owners in the data. We asked
women “who owns most of the businesses in your sector? Men or women?” If more than 70 percent of women report that men own most of the businesses within their sector, we define that sector as male-dominated. Of the 42 sectors, 18 are classified as male-dominated
by this definition (see male-dominated sectors in the graph) and the remaining sectors as female-concentrated.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=In+many+countries%2C+female-owned+businesses+are+concentrated+in+retail+trade+and+services+sectors&url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/tackling-global-profitarchy-gender-and-choice-business-sector/?cid=EXT_WBBlogTweetableShare_D_EXT&via=WorldBank" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;text-decoration:none">In
many countries, female-owned businesses are concentrated in retail trade and services sectors </span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"> (mainly health, education, and social services), which are characterized by
lower investment and growth compared to manufacturing, construction and mining sectors (Rosa and Sylla, 2016). The digital revolution may exacerbate the divide with a gender gap in participation being most pronounced in the information and communications technology
(ICT) sector (Kelley et al. 2016). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Using the definition of male-dominated and female-concentrated sectors we then compare the gender differences in business
performance outcomes (profits and employees) taking into account regional differences. The data shows that a large part of the earnings gap between men and women can indeed be explained by sector: female-owned firms who break into male-dominated sectors earn
66% higher profits than those in traditionally female sectors. Male firms in male-dominated sectors earn more than all others. Beyond this, however, the profitarchy is different across developed and developing countries. In developed countries, male firms
– be they in male-dominated or female-concentrated sectors earn more than female firms in any sector. In developing countries, male firms in female-concentrated sectors and females who break into male dominated sectors earn roughly the same amount. In both
developing and developed countries, female firms in female-concentrated sectors earn the least.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;line-height:18.0pt;background:white">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Andes;color:#333333">So, who crosses over into male-dominated sectors?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Women+who+own+businesses+in+male-dominated+sectors+are+younger%2C+married+and+are+more+likely+to+have+inherited+the+business+than+women+in+female-concentrated+sectors.&url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/tackling-global-profitarchy-gender-and-choice-business-sector/?cid=EXT_WBBlogTweetableShare_D_EXT&via=WorldBank" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;text-decoration:none">Women
who own businesses in male-dominated sectors are younger, married and are more likely to have inherited the business than women in female-concentrated sectors. </span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"> They have
similar education to women in female-concentrated sectors and present higher self-efficacy, an important socioemotional skill, but lower entrepreneurial identity and commitment to the sector. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Male+support+networks+appear+to+be+key+for+female-owned+firms%2C+with+male+role+models+and+co-ownership+with+husbands+factoring+into+the+decision+to+cross+over.&url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/tackling-global-profitarchy-gender-and-choice-business-sector/?cid=EXT_WBBlogTweetableShare_D_EXT&via=WorldBank" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;text-decoration:none">Male
support networks appear to be key for female-owned firms, with male role models and co-ownership with husbands factoring into the decision to cross over. </span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"> Support from the
husband helped women break into these male-dominated sectors if it was multifaceted (e.g. providing finance, moral support and help with business registration). Women in male-dominated sectors do appear to work more hours per week and have a lower share of
female employees relative to female-owned firms in female-concentrated sectors.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333">Identifying the characteristics of women that have successfully entered higher-return male-dominated sectors will help
us to develop policy interventions that enable women to build businesses that could positively affect growth while reducing gender earning gaps. Indeed, </span><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=work+from+the+U.S.+has+shown+that+reducing+racial+and+gender+occupational+segregation+in+the+US+accounted+for+40+percent+of+the+growth+in+market+GDP+per+person+from+1960+to+2010&url=https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/tackling-global-profitarchy-gender-and-choice-business-sector/?cid=EXT_WBBlogTweetableShare_D_EXT&via=WorldBank" target="_blank"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333;text-decoration:none">work
from the U.S. has shown that reducing racial and gender occupational segregation in the US accounted for 40 percent of the growth in market GDP per person from 1960 to 2010 </span></a><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#333333"> (Hsieh
et. al. 2019). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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