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<p>Hi ladies,<br>
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<p>Below is the Global report on Trafficking in Persons 2018 that was recently released by United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime just 2 days back.<br>
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<p>Nothing much has been mentioned about our small island countries when the Pacific is mentioned except for New Zealand and Australia.<br>
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<p>For your perusal and information.<br>
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<p>Solo<br>
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<p>PRC - PDF<br>
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UNODC – UN Office on Drugs & Crime</p>
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<a href="https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/01/1031552" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;">https://news.un.org/en/story/2019/01/1031552</a></p>
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<b>Direct Link to Full 90-Page 2018 Report:</b></p>
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<a href="https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GLOTiP_2018_BOOK_web_small.pdf" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;" title="https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GLOTiP_2018_BOOK_web_small.pdf
Ctrl+Click or tap to follow the link">https://www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/glotip/2018/GLOTiP_2018_BOOK_web_small.pdf</a></p>
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<img border="0" width="629" height="536" id="_x0000_i1027" alt="cid:image001.png@01D4B8F2.7F2E8AA0" style="width: 6.552in; height: 5.5833in; user-select: none;" src="cid:image001.png@01D4B8F2.7F2E8AA0"></p>
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<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt; font-size: 11pt; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:16.0pt; font-family:Merriweather; color:#333333">Human Trafficking Cases Hit a 13-Year Record High: New UN Report
</span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:Roboto; color:#333333"><img border="0" width="630" height="283" id="Picture_x0020_1" alt="https://global.unitednations.entermediadb.net/assets/mediadb/services/module/asset/downloads/preset/assets/2019/01/2019-01-29-human-trafficking-sexual-exploitation-UNICEF2009.jpg/image1170x530cropped.jpg" style="width: 6.5625in; height: 2.9479in; user-select: none;" src="cid:image007.jpg@01D4B8F2.3ED3EEA0"></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.5pt; font-family:Roboto; color:#333333"></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">© UNICEF/UNI91025/Noorani -
</span></span></b><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); letter-spacing: 0.6pt; font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Two girls apply make-up at Kandapara, a brothel in the city of Tangail, Bangladesh. A
man offered them to find them jobs, but instead sold them to Kandapara.</span></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">29 January 2019 -
</span></span><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">The latest
</span></span><a href="https://www.unodc.org/unodc/data-and-analysis/glotip.html" style="color: rgb(5, 99, 193); text-decoration: underline;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(0, 174, 239); text-decoration: none; font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Global
Report On Trafficking In Persons</span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">, released on Tuesday by the United Nations Office on Drugs
and Crime (UNODC) at UN headquarters in New York, shows a record-high number of cases detected during 2016, but also the largest recorded conviction rate of traffickers.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">“The report was undertaken for a simple reason: if we want to succeed in
confronting human trafficking in all its manifestations, we must better understand its scope and structure,” said Yury Fedotov, UNODC’s Executive Director as he presented the report in New York. “We need to appreciate where human trafficking is happening,
who are its victims and who is perpetrating this crime.”</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">According to the latest figures compiled by UNODC, the record conviction
and detection rates could either be a sign that countries have strengthened their capacity to identify victims – such as through specific legislation, better coordination among law enforcement entities, and improved victim protection services – or, that the
number of actual instances of trafficking has increased. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><img border="0" width="740" height="499" id="Picture_x0020_2" alt="https://global.unitednations.entermediadb.net/assets/mediadb/services/module/asset/downloads/preset/assets/2019/01/MAP-UNODC-report.JPG/image1024x768.jpg" style="width: 7.7083in; height: 5.1979in; user-select: none; font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;" src="cid:image003.jpg@01D4B8E5.18CE45A0"></span><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"></span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><b style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: black; font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">UNODC</span></span></b></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); letter-spacing: 0.6pt; font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Main forms of exploitation and profiles of detected
victims, by sub-regions, 2016 (or most recent)</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); letter-spacing: 0.6pt; font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Despite
improvements in data collection, impunity prevails</span></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Over the last decade, the capacity of national authorities to track and
assess patterns and flows of human trafficking has improved in many parts of the world. UNODC’s report notes that this is also due to a specific focus of the international community in developing standards for data collection. In 2009, only 26 countries had
an institution which systematically collected and disseminated data on trafficking cases, while by 2018, the number had risen to 65. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">However, many countries in Africa and Asia continue to have low conviction
rates, and at the same time detect fewer victims which, UNODC stresses, “does not necessarily mean that traffickers are not active”.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">In fact, the report shows that victims trafficked from areas of the world
with low detection/conviction rates are found in large numbers in other areas of the world, suggesting that a high degree of impunity prevails in these low-reporting regions. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">“This impunity could serve as an incentive to carry out more trafficking,”
the report warns. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Women
and girls remain a major target</span></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">“Traffickers the world over continue to target women and girls,” wrote Executive
Director Fedotov, in the report’s preface. ‘The vast majority of detected victims of trafficking for sexual exploitation and 35 per cent of those trafficked for forced labour are female.”</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">The report notes “considerable regional differences in the sex and age profiles
of detected trafficking victims.” In West Africa, most of the detected victims are children, both boys and girls, while in South Asia, victims are equally reported to be men, women and children. In Central Asia, a larger share of adult men is detected compared
to other regions, while in Central America and the Caribbean, more girls are recorded. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Sexual
exploitation, the top form of trafficking </span></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Most of the victims detected globally are trafficked for sexual exploitation,
especially in the Americas, Europe, and East Asia and the Pacific. In sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, trafficking for forced labour is the most commonly detected form. In Central Asia and South Asia, trafficking for forced labour and sexual exploitation
are equally prevalent,</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Other forms of human trafficking include: girls forced into marriage, more
commonly detected in South-East Asia; children for illegal adoption, more common in Central and South American countries; forced criminality, mainly reported in Western and Southern Europe; and organ removal, primarily detected in North Africa, and Central
and Eastern Europe. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">“Victims can be in restaurants, fisheries, brothels, farms, homes, and even
organ trafficking and illegal adoption,” said Rani Hong, who survived child trafficking herself as she was taken from her family in India at age 7, submitted to intimidation, physical abuse and slavery, until she was sold for illegal adoption in Canada and
later the United States. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">“I was told by my witnesses that when I came into the United States, I was
not able to walk because I had been locked in a small cage. This is what this industry is doing, and this is what happened to me.”</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Many other forms, such as trafficking for exploitation in begging, or for
the production of pornographic material, are reported in different parts of the world. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"></span><b style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Armed
conflict and displacement, a key driver of human trafficking</span></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><b style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></b></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">The report shows that armed conflicts can increase vulnerability to trafficking
in different ways as areas with weak rule of law and lack of resources to respond to crime, provide traffickers with a fertile terrain to carry out their operations, preying on those who are desparately in need.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Armed groups and other criminals may take the opportunity to traffic victims
– including children – for sexual exploitation, sexual slavery, forced marriage, armed combat and various forms of forced labour. This is the case for example in sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa and the Middle East, South-East Asia and elsewhere.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">In some refugee camps in the Middle East, also, it has been documented that
girls and young women have been ‘married off’ without their consent and subjected to sexual exploitation in neighbouring countries.</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">In addition, recruitment of children for use as armed combatants is widely
documented. UNODC's report notes that within conflict zones, armed groups can use trafficking as a strategy to assert territorial dominance, spread fear among civilians in the territories where they operate to keep the local population under control. They
may also use women and girls as ‘sex slaves’ or force them into marriages to appeal to new potential male recruits. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">The study shows that in all the conflicts examined for the report, forcibly
displaced populations (refugees and internally displaced families) have been specifically targeted: from settlements of Syrian and Iraqi refugees, to Afghans and Rohingya fleeing conflict and persecution. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">Notably, the risk faced by migrants and refugees travelling through conflict
areas, such as Libya or parts of sub-Saharan Africa, is also well documented: in Libya, for example, militias control some detention centres for migrants and refugees and are coercing detained migrants and asylum seekers for different exploitative purposes. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">“While we are far from ending impunity, we have made headway in the 15 years
since the Protocol against Trafficking in Persons entered into force,” said UNODC’s chief Mr. Fedotov, as he noted that “nearly every country now has legislation in place criminalizing human trafficking”. </span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;"><br>
</span></span></p>
<p style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN" style="color: rgb(102, 102, 102); font-family: Corbel, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><span style="font-family: Corbel, sans-serif;">“The international community needs to accelerate progress to build capacities
and cooperation, to stop human trafficking in conflict situations and in all our societies where this terrible crime continues to operate in the shadows,” he stated in the report’s preface.</span></span></p>
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