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<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180615094850.htm">https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/06/180615094850.htm</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#004276">Study Finds Less Corruption in Countries Where More Women Are in Government<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">June 15, 2018 -
<i>Source: </i>Virginia Tech<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="right" style="margin-left:135.0pt;text-align:right;background:white">
<i><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:11.25pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The new research is the most comprehensive study on this topic and looks at the implications of the presence
of women in other occupations as including the shares of women in the labor force, clerical positions, and decision making positions such as the CEOs and other managerial positions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.5in;background:white"><span style="font-size:1.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:15.0pt;background:white"><span style="font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">A greater representation of women in the government is bad news for corruption, according to a new study published in the <i>Journal
of Economic Behavior & Organization</i> by researchers Chandan Jha of Le Moyne College and Sudipta Sarangi of Virginia Tech.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">In a cross-country analysis of over 125 countries, this study finds that corruption is lower in countries where
a greater share of parliamentarians are women. The study further finds that women's representation in local politics is important, too -- The likelihood of having to bribe is lower in regions with a greater representation of women in local-level politics in
Europe.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">"This research underscores the importance of women empowerment, their presence in leadership roles and their representation
in government, said Sarangi, an economics professor and department head at Virginia Tech. "This is especially important in light of the fact that women remain underrepresented in politics in most countries including the United States."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Less than a quarter of the members of the U.S. Senate are women and only 19 percent of the women in the U.S. House
of Representatives are women. It is also noteworthy that the United Stated never had a women head or president.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The authors speculate that women policymakers are able to have an impact on corruption because they choose different
policies from men. An extensive body of prior research shows that women politicians choose policies that are more closely related to the welfare of women, children, and family.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The relationship is robust to the inclusion of a number of other control variables including economic, cultural,
and institutional factors. The study also uses a statistical technique, known as the Instrumental Variable analysis, to account for the confounding factors and to establish causality in the relationship. After all it is possible that it is corruption that
drives women's participation in politics and not the other way around!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The authors maintain that while the gender-corruption relationship has been studied before, the previous studies
suffered from the critique that the relationship between women's representation in government and corruption was not shown to be causal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Jha and Sarangi's research is the most comprehensive study on this topic and looks at the implications of the presence
of women in other occupations as including the shares of women in the labor force, clerical positions, and decision making positions such as the CEOs and other managerial positions. The study finds that women's presence in these occupations is not significantly
associated with corruption, suggesting that it is the policymaking role through which women are able to have an impact on corruption.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Sometimes it is believed that the relationship between gender and corruption may disappear as women gain similarity
in social status. This is presumably because as the status of women improves, they get access to the networks of corruption and at the same time learn the know-how of engaging in corrupt activities. The results of this study, however, indicate otherwise: the
relationship between women's representation in parliament and corruption is stronger for countries where women enjoy a greater equality of status. Once again, this finding further suggests that it's policymaking through which women are able to impact corruption.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">Jha and Sarangi's study warns that these results do not necessarily mean that women are inherently less corrupt.
In fact, their findings suggest otherwise. If women are indeed less corrupt, then there should be a significant negative correlation between all these measures of female participation and corruption.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:7.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:10.5pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#333333">The policy implications of the study point towards the need for promoting gender equality in general and promoting
the presence of women in politics in particular. Previous research has established that a greater presence of women in government is associated with better education and health outcomes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">……………………………………………………………….<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>International Chamber of Commerce Direct Link to Full 179-Page ICC Publication:<o:p></o:p></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://cdn.iccwbo.org/content/uploads/sites/3/2017/12/icc-business-integrity-compendium2017-web.pdf">https://cdn.iccwbo.org/content/uploads/sites/3/2017/12/icc-business-integrity-compendium2017-web.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;background:white">
<b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Hind;color:#2B2B2B">Launched for Anti-Corruption Day 2017, the ICC Business Integrity Compendium provides essential guidance on responsible business conduct for companies of all sizes.</span></b><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Hind;color:#2B2B2B"><br>
<b>The 2017 edition gathers all ICC Anti-corruption and Corporate Responsibility tools to date:</b><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:157.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#2B2B2B"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Hind;color:#2B2B2B">ICC Anti-corruption Third Party Due Diligence Guide for SMEs<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:157.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#2B2B2B"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Hind;color:#2B2B2B">ICC Guidelines on Gifts and Hospitality<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:157.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#2B2B2B"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Hind;color:#2B2B2B">ICC Anti-corruption Clause<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:157.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#2B2B2B"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Hind;color:#2B2B2B">ICC Rules on Combating Corruption<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:157.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#2B2B2B"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Hind;color:#2B2B2B">ICC Guidelines on Agents, Intermediaries and Other Third Parties<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:157.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#2B2B2B"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Hind;color:#2B2B2B">RESIST<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:157.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#2B2B2B"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Hind;color:#2B2B2B">ICC Guide to Responsible Sourcing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:157.5pt;text-indent:-.25in;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol;color:#2B2B2B"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">·<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="FR" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:Hind;color:#2B2B2B">ICC Guidelines on Whistleblowing<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">____________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></p>
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