[Pdf-women] Research Views on Diversity, Gender Equality, Family Life, & Religion - 27 Countries

[Soloveni Vitoso]

Pew Research Center - https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/22/a-changing-world-global-views-on-diversity-gender-equality-family-life-and-the-importance-of-religion/

GLOBAL VIEWS ON DIVERSITY, GENDER EQUALITY, FAMILY LIFE, & RELIGION - 27 COUNTRIES

BY JACOB POUSHTER<https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/jacob-poushter>, JANELL FETTEROLF<https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/janell-fetterolf> AND CHRISTINE TAMIR<https://www.pewresearch.org/staff/christine-tamir>

April 22, 2019 - Is diversity on the rise? Has gender equality increased? Does religion play a more or less important role than in the past? And are family ties stronger or weaker than they used to be? Pew Research Center posed these questions to 30,133 people in 27 countries.
[Chart showing that the prevailing view across the 27 survey countries is that diversity and gender equality have increased, while ties to family and religion have faded.]<https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/22/a-changing-world-global-views-on-diversity-gender-equality-family-life-and-the-importance-of-religion/pg_2019-04-22_global-views-cultural-change_0-01/>
The results are clear on three of these aspects. Medians of around seven-in-ten say their countries have become more diverse and that gender equality has increased over the past 20 years. And roughly six-in-ten across the countries surveyed say that family ties have weakened.
On the importance of religion, there is more variation by country. Overall, a median of 37% say that religion plays a less important role in their countries than it did 20 years ago, while 27% say it plays a more important role.
For all four questions, a sizable portion of the population (about one-in-five) say there has been no change over the past two decades.
These questions measure whether people perceive change. But how do people feel about social and cultural change itself?
To better understand this, we added a follow-up to our initial questions on diversity, gender equality, family ties and religion: Is this a good or bad thing for the country? To accurately classify these responses, we took people who said there was an increase (for example in diversity) and that this was a good thing, and then combined them with people who said diversity had decreased and they felt this was bad. On the other side, we combined people who said there was an increase and that it was bad with those who saw a decrease in diversity and thought it was good for society.
[Chart showing how the survey respondents' reactions to change were analyzed.]<https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/22/a-changing-world-global-views-on-diversity-gender-equality-family-life-and-the-importance-of-religion/pg_2019-04-22_global-views-cultural-change_0-02/>
This allowed us to gauge support for increasing or decreasing diversity, gender equality and a more important role for religion in their countries. Since large majorities in most countries told us that family ties were weakening and that it was a bad thing, we did not do this analysis on that question.
One difficulty in the way this question was constructed and analyzed is that people who say that there has been no change in their country on the various issues are kept in the "no change" column for the follow-up analysis. So, for those who have perceived no change - and thus, no effect from change - it's hard to determine whether they think the status quo is good because there has not been societal change, or bad because society has not changed enough.
[Chart showing that globally, people strongly favor more gender equality, express less support for increased diversity, and do not oppose a more important role for religion.]<https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/22/a-changing-world-global-views-on-diversity-gender-equality-family-life-and-the-importance-of-religion/pg_2019-04-22_global-views-cultural-change_0-03/>
The results of this analysis reveal people are strongly in favor of increased gender equality but share more tepid enthusiasm for increased ethnic, religious and racial diversity. And despite secularization trends<https://www.pewforum.org/2018/05/29/being-christian-in-western-europe/>, most across the 27 countries surveyed do not oppose a more important role for religion in their society.
In addition, roughly half or more in 24 of the countries surveyed say that family ties are weakening, and in all those countries at least half say that this is a bad thing. In Indonesia and the Philippines, people think family ties are strengthening and that this is a good thing. Nigerians are divided on the state of family ties in their country.
Pew Research Center's research on globalization and cultural change
Views of diversity in North America, Europe and Australia
Across Europe, North America and Australia, there is strong consensus that diversity has increased in their countries. And for the most part, that diversity is welcomed. Two exceptions are Greece, where 62% oppose a more diverse country, and to a lesser extent Italy, where 45% oppose diversity. But in the United Kingdom, Canada, the United States, Australia and Spain, roughly six-in-ten say they are in favor of more diversity.
There are divides, however, within countries across a variety of demographic and political groups. In Europe, North America and Australia, people who are more in favor of diversity tend to be younger, have more education and place themselves on the left end of the political spectrum.
[Table showing that the young, more educated and left-leaning people are more in favor of increasing diversity.]<https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/22/a-changing-world-global-views-on-diversity-gender-equality-family-life-and-the-importance-of-religion/pg_2019-04-22_global-views-cultural-change_0-04/>
In several European countries, people with favorable opinions of right-wing, anti-immigration parties are more opposed to increased diversity in their country. For example, those that have a favorable view of the Sweden Democrats are roughly three times less likely to favor more diversity than are those who have an unfavorable view of this party. Similar differences appear between supporters and nonsupporters of AfD in Germany, PVV in the Netherlands, UKIP in the UK and National Rally (formerly National Front) in France. (See Chapter 1<https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/22/how-people-around-the-world-view-diversity-in-their-countries> for more information.)
Men are more likely than women to say gender equality has increased
[Chart showing that in many countries, men are more likely than women to say gender equality has increased in their country.]<https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/22/a-changing-world-global-views-on-diversity-gender-equality-family-life-and-the-importance-of-religion/pg_2019-04-22_global-views-cultural-change_0-05/>In many of the countries surveyed, men are more likely than women to say that gender equality has increased in their country over the past 20 years.
For example, 78% of German men say that gender equality has increased over the past 20 years, versus only 62% of women. Double-digit differences also occur in Japan, the UK, Canada, South Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, the U.S., Sweden and Kenya.
However, women are also more likely than men to say that there has been no change in gender equality in their countries over the past 20 years. This is true in 11 of the countries surveyed.
Desire for an increasing role for religion is linked to religious salience
Opinions vary widely across the countries surveyed on whether religion plays a more or less important role compared with 20 years ago. Those saying religion is more important ranges from 7% in Spain and 8% in Japan to 83% in Indonesia and 65% in Nigeria.
But overall, there is a strong correlation between those who see religion's role in society growing and those who think religion is very important in their lives (+0.73).
[Chart showing that those who say religion is very important are much more likely to say it plays a more important role than it did 20 years ago.]<https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/22/a-changing-world-global-views-on-diversity-gender-equality-family-life-and-the-importance-of-religion/pg_2019-04-22_global-views-cultural-change_0-06/>
Spotlight on the role of ideology in favoring more religion in society
[Chart showing that in North America, Europe, and Australia, those on the ideological right are more in favor of an increased role for religion in their country than those on the left.]<https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/04/22/a-changing-world-global-views-on-diversity-gender-equality-family-life-and-the-importance-of-religion/pg_2019-04-22_global-views-cultural-change_0-07/>In Europe, North America and Australia, ideology is linked to whether people want a more prominent role for religion in their country. For example, in the U.S., people on the right end of the political spectrum (those who consider themselves somewhat or very conservative) are 42 percentage points more likely than those on the left to favor a larger role for religion in their country. While this is the largest political divide measured, substantial differences exist between left and right in many countries.

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