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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> WUNRN_LISTSERVE-owner@lists.wunrn.com [mailto:WUNRN_LISTSERVE-owner@lists.wunrn.com]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>WUNRN LISTSERVE<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, October 18, 2017 8:02 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> WUNRN ListServe <wunrn_listserve@lists.wunrn.com><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [WUNRN] Women & Transitional Justice<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">WUNRN<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="http://www.wunrn.com">http://www.wunrn.com</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;background:white;font-weight:normal">International Center for Transitional Justice – ICTJ<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;background:white;font-weight:normal"><a href="https://www.ictj.org/our-work/transitional-justice-issues/gender-justice">https://www.ictj.org/our-work/transitional-justice-issues/gender-justice</a></span></strong><span style="font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:white">justice
refers to the set of judicial and non-judicial measures that have been implemented by different countries in order to redress the legacies of massive human rights abuses. These measures include criminal prosecutions, truth commissions, reparations programs,
and various kinds of institutional reforms.</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:white"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline;outline: 0px;orphans: auto;text-align:start;widows: 1;-webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px;word-spacing:0px">
<span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Transitional justice is an approach to achieving justice in times of transition from conflict and/or state repression. By trying to achieve accountability and redressing victims, transitional
justice provides recognition of the rights of victims, promotes civic trust and strengthens the democratic rule of law.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:13.5pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:13.5pt;background:white;vertical-align:baseline">
<b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">“Gender justice concerns have yet to be integrated in many transitional justice initiatives.”</span></b><strong><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;background:white;font-weight:normal"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#2479C2">WOMEN & TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE</span><strong><span style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333;border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in;background:white"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><img border="0" width="600" height="270" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image003.jpg@01D180A1.101B7560" alt="cid:image003.jpg@01D180A1.101B7560"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Cambodian women reading about Courts in Cambodia.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.5pt;line-height:13.5pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">9-2017 - In periods of conflict or authoritarianism, women often become targets of human rights violations because of their gender and the marginalization they suffer in many societies.
They may suffer physical and sexual violence — as well as other violations that affect them in unique ways, such as enforced disappearance of their loved ones, displacement, or socioeconomic discrimination.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.5pt;line-height:13.5pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">For example, women whose husbands are forcibly disappeared in conflict can suffer prolonged psychological trauma, unjust legal barriers, and other forms of discrimination because of their
ambiguous status as neither married nor officially widowed. They endure a higher risk of exploitation due to poverty worsened by the loss of a primary breadwinner, and marginalization by their families and other close social networks.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.5pt;line-height:13.5pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Compounding these harms, women’s ability to seek recourse is often severely limited, due to structural inequalities. Even transitional justice mechanisms themselves can be blind to the
particular needs of women, and responses can mirror the gendered power imbalances in the society at large.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.5pt;line-height:13.5pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">While women are often among the most marginalized in society, requiring specific attention and targeted transitional justice responses, gender justice is not only concerned with women.
All victims’ experiences need to be assessed for gendered implications. A gender-sensitive approach to transitional justice examines and address the full range of experiences, including of male victims in special contexts as well as LGBTI victims.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;background:white">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#2479C2">Can Transitional Justice Help Promote Justice for Women?<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.5pt;line-height:13.5pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Transitional justice responses to gender-based violations during conflict and authoritarian rule are essential for ensuring justice for victims, combating women’s marginalization, and
preventing future violations against women and other communities targeted for their gender. Of equal importance is ensuring that transitional justice measures meaningfully address the causes and consequences of all abuses against women – even those that are
not inherently gender-based.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">The past few decades have seen considerable progress in promoting public acknowledgment of gender inequality, discrimination, and gender-based human rights violations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Too often, these acknowledgements do not translate into effective implementation. Much of this failure comes from a lack of technical knowledge to implement measures in a way that encourages
women’s participation and adequately addresses the gendered nature of human rights violations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.5pt;line-height:13.5pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">This shortcoming is compounded when women are also excluded from the decision-making process. Women must play a central role in the design and implementation of transitional justice measures
if policy is to adequately respond to their needs. This is especially true when attempting to implement policy amid ongoing sexual and gender-based violence, where the will and capacity of authorities to investigate falls short.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#00427A">ICTJ’s Vision<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">ICTJ’s goal is to ensure that victims of gender-based violations meaningfully engage in transitional justice measures and that these measures effectively address the causes and consequences
of gendered experiences of human rights violations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.5pt;line-height:13.5pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">ICTJ’s main approach is to provide technical assistance in particular contexts, including by partnering with activists and officials alike to develop gender-sensitive policies and processes.
This involves ensuring that the design of transitional justice measures is influenced by the needs and priorities of all victims and that women are adequately represented throughout transitional justice institutions and state bodies, including in leadership.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Although participation is critical, it is not sufficient on its own. ICTJ also works to ensure that transitional justice policies and measures promote meaningful justice for sexual-and
gender-based violations, address the gendered implications of human rights violations more broadly, and proactively create safe and accessible spaces for the most vulnerable and marginalized groups of victims.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.5pt;line-height:13.5pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">In addition to context-specific assistance, ICTJ also provides new insights into how transitional justice can address the gender dynamics of violence more generally, and contribute to
global policy debates on the issue. Through groundbreaking research on topics that have often received scanty prior attention, like the impact of enforced disappearance on women or sexual violence against men and boys, ICTJ seeks to push boundaries and ensure
that existing norms and best practices appropriately match the day-to-day realities of victims.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.0pt;background:#CCE4F8"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">“I've learned that reparations is key in the recovery of the victims of traumatic experiences, and that there are
so many women who have suffered sexual violence. I am not alone, and we need to build our efforts together.” – Woman victim at consultation workshop on reparations in Kenya<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#00427A">ICTJ’s Impact<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.5pt;line-height:13.5pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">ICTJ works with local partners to include women’s voices in every aspect of transitional justice. Together, we seek to ensure that women and other victims targeted for their gender or
sexual identity have the skills and knowledge they need to meaningfully participate in transitional justice initiatives. We do so through technical support to local activists, civil society, state bodies and international agencies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#2479C2">Program<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.0pt;background:#CCE4F8"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">“The advantage of transitional justice is that in cases like Circular 108, we don't have the evidence to pursue ordinary
justice, we don’t have witnesses. Transitional justice has different mechanisms. I kept encouraging different women to file, because when you have similar testimonies from different people in the same period, they support each other. It tells you that violations
were systemic.” – Tunisian woman, member of the Transitional Justice is also for Women Network
<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Tunisia</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333"> Following the overthrow of the authoritarian regime of Zine
El Abidine Ben Ali in 2011, there was considerable public demand in Tunisia to establish transitional justice mechanisms to address decades of gross human rights violations. ICTJ successfully promoted the establishment of a Women’s Committee within the Tunisian
Truth and Dignity Commission to support women victims and fully integrate their participation in the truth-seeking process. ICTJ has since provided continuous technical support and worked directly to support the work of the Committee.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:13.5pt;line-height:13.5pt;background:white">
<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Recognizing that women and women’s groups from outside Tunis were being left out of discussions, ICTJ facilitated the creation of a network of women victims’ groups called the “Transitional
Justice is also for Women Network.” The network has played a central role in increasing collaboration among women’s groups, enabling them to more effectively contribute to the design and implementation of transitional justice processes. Some successes include:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Increasing the submission of victim statements by women to the TDC</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">.
At the start of the statement-taking process, women victims represented only 5% of submissions. In response to this low number, ICTJ
<a href="https://www.ictj.org/news/tunisia-women-speak-out-religious-discrimination-TDC" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">worked with the network</span></a> to host a series of workshops to build the capacity of women victims to submit statements. By the end, the percentage of statements submitted by women increased nearly fivefold, to 23%.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Submitting a collective file to the TDC on how “Circular 108” violated economic and social rights.</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">
This Circular effectively prohibited veiled women from accessing employment, education, and other important opportunities. ICTJ and the Network
<a href="https://www.ictj.org/news/women-struggle-justice-tunisia" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">worked together to facilitate this submission</span></a>, which makes explicit links between the Circular and the violation of women’s social and economic rights.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:13.5pt;background:white"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Côte d’Ivoire</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">: After former president Laurent Gbagbo lost re-election
in 2010, the incoming government established a number of mechanisms to address the gross human rights violations that had occurred during the
<a href="http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unoci/elections.shtml" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">violent elections</span></a>. ICTJ <a href="https://www.ictj.org/multimedia/photo/cote-divoire-reparations-victims" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">engaged</span></a> women victims from the most marginalized areas in a series of consultations, and then facilitated their direct engagement with CONARIV, the government agency tasked with managing the victims’ reparations process.
As a result, women were more empowered to contribute to transitional justice discussions with other victims and activists. They also successfully demanded equal participation in a high-level conference where they presented their proposals to CONARIV and were
closely involved in a new informal platform of victims’ groups that facilitates dialogue with CONARIV.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Colombia</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">: ICTJ’s joint report with Colombian organization Casa de
la Mujer, <a href="https://www.ictj.org/publication/women-colombia-victims-participation" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">We Want to be Heard</span></a>, examined obstacles that prevented women’s participation in mechanisms designed to address the country’s armed conflict. It found, among other things, that women victims faced heightened barriers to
participating in public discussions about transitional justice measures. The report recommended that the Colombian Unit for Attention and Comprehensive Reparations to Victims hold specific trainings with women victims prior to the talks known as the “participatory
roundtable discussions” to build their capacity and increase their confidence to represent their reparative justice needs. This recommendation was later carried out, at ICTJ’s urging.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.0pt;background:#CCE4F8"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">“Without the voice of women, the truth is not complete.” - Women from ASMUM association in Putumayo, Colombia, during
a street performance<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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<span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Liberia</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">: ICTJ helped the Truth and Reconciliation Commission established
to investigate <a href="http://www.irinnews.org/report/76174/liberia-truth-commission-seeks-answers-1979-2003-strife" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">gross human rights violations</span></a> that occurred between 1979 and 2003 to draft its gender policy by providing technical assistance based on comparative expertise and best practice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Solomon Islands</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">: Because the Truth and Reconciliation Commission largely
ignored violations committed against women during the 1999 to 2004 conflict, ICTJ worked with women’s groups to document violations that had been committed and publish them in a
<a href="https://www.ictj.org/publication/confronting-past-better-solomon-islands" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">report</span></a>, which was then submitted to the commission.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Indonesia</span></b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">: ICTJ worked with Komnas Perempuan, or the National Women’s
Human Rights Commission, to document violations committed against women during widespread human rights violations that had occurred in 1965 and 1966. This was the first attempt to gather women’s testimonies and make associated findings about the violations.
The resulting report, which was presented to the government, chronicled these violations in a systematic way and provided recommendations on reparations, state responsibility, and other issues.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:6.0pt;line-height:15.0pt;background:white">
<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#2479C2">Research<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">Since its inception, ICTJ has been at the forefront of developing technical guidance on how transitional justice processes and mechanisms can appropriately
address gender, starting with the first-ever operational handbook on the issue: <i>
<a href="https://www.ictj.org/publication/truth-commissions-and-gender-principles-policies-and-procedures" target="blank"><span style="color:#00427A">Truth Commissions and Gender: Principles, Policies and Procedures</span></a>.</i><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.3in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:13.5pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo8;background:white">
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">ICTJ has led global efforts to increase the understanding of the differing ways women and men are impacted by human rights violations, including producing
<a href="https://www.ictj.org/our-work/research/gender-and-reparations" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">in-depth research on gender and reparations</span></a>,
<a href="https://www.ictj.org/publication/nexus-between-displacement-and-transitional-justice-gender-justice-dimension" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">displacement</span></a>, and the impact of enforced disappearances on women, as they relate to transitional justice processes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:.3in;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:13.5pt;mso-list:l3 level1 lfo8;background:white">
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">ICTJ undertook a multi-year project to analyze the gendered impacts of enforced disappearance on women victims. Three published reports assessed the long-term
consequences on women in <a href="https://www.ictj.org/publication/beyond-relief-addressing-rights-and-needs-nepal-wives-disappeared" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">Nepal</span></a>, <a href="https://www.ictj.org/publication/living-shadows-past-impact-disappearance-wives-missing-lebanon" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">Lebanon</span></a>, and <a href="https://www.ictj.org/publication/disappeared-and-invisible-women-disappearances" target="blank">
<span style="color:#00427A">globally</span></a>. Our research provided important insights into ongoing victimization as a result of increased poverty, family conflict, and psychological trauma, and gave recommendations for how transitional justice can better
support these victims.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.0pt;background:#CCE4F8"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.0pt;background:#CCE4F8"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">“Today was a therapeutic day because I had an opportunity to help myself. I know rape is not something that is very
easy to talk about, so I found this a safe space to talk about my experiences. Actually, I loved it. I appreciated that today was specifically for the victims and I really felt that someone is concerned.” – Kenyan woman during a reparations consultation in
Kenya<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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<b><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#2479C2">Policy<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">ICTJ helped develop a normative framework on reparations and conflict-related sexual violence by providing direct input on the report of the UN Special Rapporteur
on Violence against Women. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">ICTJ and UN Women hosted a conference to assist the Working Group on Enforced and Involuntary Disappearances to draft its influential general comment on
“Applying a Gender Perspective to Enforced Disappearances.” The meeting brought together relevant experts from a variety of contexts whose presentations, discussions, and findings were directly incorporated into the final general comment document.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:15.0pt;background:#CCE4F8"><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#333333">“The solution for reparation should be sought inclusively. We cannot do this without victim participation, that is
why the participative method used by ICTJ is ideal.” - Kaudjhis Offoumou Françoise, Commissioner, CONARIV in Cote d’Ivoire<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color:#1F497D">__________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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