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<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> WUNRN LISTSERVE [<a href="mailto:wunrn1@gmail.com">mailto:wunrn1@gmail.com</a>]
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, October 09, 2017 1:14 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> WUNRN ListServe (<a href="mailto:wunrn_listserve@lists.wunrn.com">wunrn_listserve@lists.wunrn.com</a>) <<a href="mailto:wunrn_listserve@lists.wunrn.com">wunrn_listserve@lists.wunrn.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Australia - Empowering Migrant & Refugee Women - Research<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">WUNRN<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http://www.wunrn.com/&c=E,1,0l9tybzYZCu4O2nszhchGOOto_J6xzabDdsmt0mzFDu8et7gcUIt9El5kHXUqZXHHFzFH_MYwcvUvsFTbRiXZT0yoFsS4dhQiVEy7PGRewx_sw,,&typo=1">http://www.wunrn.com</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:19.2pt"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/&c=E,1,RM_9ojQAGU4jiZJIhkdjxfAOeYWXCpmxRnMKHvVLi8ExgYPyjfPKyw1Pqtd5JgkjRx-zcO902MB_o8rUw0wQJsFcYbDSPWsSXt6KQZa2g2NYRZc,&typo=1" title=""Home" "><span style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#0F6AAF;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="393" height="65" id="Picture_x0020_6" src="cid:image002.jpg@01D3409B.DE784990" alt="Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government"></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:11.5pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/empowering-migrant-and-refugee-women&c=E,1,vgw-QrAcVw25O24YFghtzgjmObYsFLLuZa8Bh0mU1miNiTLwS7YXE-KoJJ91eZiVBF-GI0lWPrP8_gSA-AO2XP50nTWWKs6nR-pEoW3kMvoitR0BJkeL&typo=1">https://aifs.gov.au/publications/empowering-migrant-and-refugee-women</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/executive-summary-1&c=E,1,-u_mGALnSX1-MSxV-kNj0U8ollhjd5aJEWLuTcb4efOV886AAd_DEIRxTt4pqzoXeXwqVTjVAxFxNC3yVy8Qi4zktRctkcIiaGHBy0K913zd-qKt&typo=1">https://aifs.gov.au/publications/executive-summary-1</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:5.35pt;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:5.35pt;margin-left:0in;mso-line-height-alt:15.6pt;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:16.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Australia - Empowering Migrant & Refugee Women<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:19.2pt;background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Supporting and empowering women beyond five-year post-settlement<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height:19.2pt;background:white"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Research Report No. 38 – September 2017
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#444444;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:19.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/executive-summary-1&c=E,1,LVvxBLW84q_3HqLCAZlYsGT7P6WGBECmvjcdNyZbwQfkjJuZxeFWp6wqSgRc7Q_ywXYOmK0JmFe-v5irOVJ3ljDo_Yn1aUzp_I8FLaBXP0tmHiTn0Tg3JS0MRA,,&typo=1"><span style="color:#0F6AAF">Executive
summary</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#444444;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:19.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/empowering-migrant-and-refugee-women/1-introduction&c=E,1,fzgel6uJrkRUepV0tdrTXpw3e_DErm1VF05bsG-dI1JbUQLb4xBd5P4jiCthQx5cco3qFr1Fn3XCJxmnVOwcqKCYxnGn9KeRlgS10P3Ujngl07vUpQ,,&typo=1"><span style="color:#0F6AAF">1.
Introduction</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#444444;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:19.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/empowering-migrant-and-refugee-women/2-research-design-and-methodology&c=E,1,xbdwHZzzoU87eng6h1jY72FG6C6RNpCHt2dRujuPmQOLLyLZH-WPqRAJEgS-0D6W8ytqudTisgg9_9wsef_RuiSm3BbiUZEIagxWHhoKMIwsVmuU4Bmv1pI,&typo=1"><span style="color:#0F6AAF">2.
Research design and methodology</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#444444;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:19.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/empowering-migrant-and-refugee-women/3-economic-participation-migrant-and-refugee-women&c=E,1,3TEka32vWCDySMhjtqI6eyZq0xA1aqwRuwo2HpxEP6kf67cJGfVXe3mG8hOZP5ru6Hoo-EZll_qGdgJBU0zmM1-nfK5e3DkMk1wVkKPm6A,,&typo=1"><span style="color:#0F6AAF">3.
Economic participation of migrant and refugee women</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#444444;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:19.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/empowering-migrant-and-refugee-women/4-service-delivery-landscape-types-programs-available-barriers-service-access-and-best-practice&c=E,1,trVO6Kwz0JXWKDTI5SZk_0Md1nuPEMXjNZtQLFRuPB0y7CiBq9FWO3nsHhdQBZe2AirOFesuFvykM-ZZTbP4WdktcRPnXhqSjYqQjenwyNripAIA&typo=1"><span style="color:#0F6AAF">4.
The service delivery landscape: Types of programs available, barriers to service access, and best practice in service delivery</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#444444;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:19.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/empowering-migrant-and-refugee-women/5-service-gaps-and-key-priorities&c=E,1,PsKY-Vg9C2DMQVbUvYeEvIPMnsnwzYrLSpOUDK-28ZLJ92bJG51_35cF0HX1Mxg2o5ZOMfWJCBUMIHmJma2RU0h-BD9USl4Ihk4gPsQSebRu7NC2aOPC&typo=1"><span style="color:#0F6AAF">5.
Service gaps and key priorities</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#444444;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:19.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/empowering-migrant-and-refugee-women/6-research-summary-and-implications-practice&c=E,1,MMG2ziKM87CJME9dOF547KP11VzhSuHoJut6O48OgqAyYpRZXmOk95e-uhvQOS6oUzfJn-67f0dn6KrupQBT-ITSuP1RwrqwKn_x1zHCPGcMWaA,&typo=1"><span style="color:#0F6AAF">6.
Research summary and implications for practice</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="color:#444444;mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;line-height:19.2pt;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;background:white">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/empowering-migrant-and-refugee-women/references&c=E,1,v9Doswuz0zDI-5ZCe6R9rWE3ZdEOK0ah4rpTuwqOdTzmFrQQACt4n76xTj1F9iS2CroqdnblFQtp82QTyopn529XBR5P-GIxFns95K0,&typo=1"><span style="color:#0F6AAF">References</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></li></ul>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/empowering-migrant-and-refugee-women/export&c=E,1,4Q9eADn95_HMp3BRLKUWyU6q7xxQfBIoM0fGskmDS7bgEgdRzAdJCZZH22RueDUI5HkfJcrLCTHxJuUNgWxVzgCyUU_gOhM-nvOi5efDAs7QpxBWZwxnUmWW9A,,&typo=1"><span style="color:#0F6AAF">View
publication as a single page</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Executive Summary<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Aims and focus of the research<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">The study focused on two specific cohorts of migrant women who have been in Australia for more than five years. One cohort is former Humanitarian Programme entrants including
Woman at Risk visa holders and the other cohort is women who entered Australia on family visas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">The project had the following key aims:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#444444"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Improve understanding of the current state of migrant women’s economic and social participation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:7.5pt;margin-left:18.75pt;text-indent:-.25in;line-height:19.2pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo5;background:white">
<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#444444"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Document the nature and types of services available to these two cohorts of migrant women.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#444444"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Assess the extent to which these services/programs are evidence-based or display promising practices.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#444444"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Identify best practice and service gaps in relation to services and programs provided to Humanitarian Programme migrants or family stream migrants
who have been in Australia for five years or more.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Provide recommendations on key priorities for government to undertake in filling these gaps.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Research design<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">The study comprised two distinct components:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#444444"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">to improve understanding of migrant women’s economic and social participation, which involved secondary analyses of two key datasets: 1) the
Australian Census and Migrants Integrated Dataset (ACMID; 2011 Census); and 2) the Building a New Life in Australia (BNLA) dataset; and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<![if !supportLists]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Wingdings;color:#444444"><span style="mso-list:Ignore">§<span style="font:7.0pt "Times New Roman"">
</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">to identify good practice and key gaps in service and program delivery, primary data was collected via: 1) stakeholder consultations (and an
Expert Reference Group); 2) an online quantitative survey (<i>n</i> = 129); and 3) semi-structured qualitative interviews (<i>n</i> = 13), with service providers delivering programs and services to migrant and refugee women.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">The findings in this report are based on the perspectives of service providers who were asked to reflect on their professional practices and service delivery in the online
survey or qualitative interview. Speaking to migrant women themselves about their issues with service delivery access would be a useful future direction to complement this research and further enhance understanding of the service sector.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Key findings<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Migrant women’s characteristics and economic and social participation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Secondary data analyses of migrant and refugee women who had been in Australia between five and ten years (at 2011) was undertaken to explore characteristics of women according
to visa type, and to compare these women’s characteristics to those of Australian-born women. Even among migrant women who had arrived on humanitarian or family visas there was considerable diversity. However, on average, the migrant women who had arrived
on humanitarian visas and had been in Australia between five and ten years, had relatively low levels of English language proficiency and relatively low levels of educational attainment compared to those arriving on family visas. Women who had arrived on humanitarian
visas also had the lowest levels of engagement in employment. Levels of English language proficiency and employment participation were higher for those who had been in Australia longer. A significant number of all the migrant and refugee women included in
the analyses were not proficient in English after ten years in Australia, particularly among those who arrived on humanitarian visas. Likewise, employment rates remained low for some groups of migrant women relative to Australian-born women, even after ten
years in Australia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Barriers to employment include poor English language proficiency and low education levels, and this was especially so for humanitarian visa holders. The analyses highlight
the importance of the uptake of English classes and other forms of education after arrival to help migrant women engage in employment.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">The landscape: program and service delivery for migrant and refugee women<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Insights gained through the online survey and qualitative interviews highlighted the complexities of service delivery to migrant and refugee women. Clients accessing these
services were reported to be facing many challenges, particularly in regard to English language proficiency and lower education levels compared to the Australian-born women. Therefore, a key challenge in providing services to migrant women was the need to
accommodate the diverse language needs of these clients through the availability of information in other languages and bilingual workers. Survey participants told us these aspects of service delivery could sometimes be a particular challenge for mainstream
service providers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Survey participants identified a range of barriers that could hinder the uptake of services by migrant women. These barriers include language barriers; family responsibilities
and gender roles of migrant and refugee women; the location of services and transport issues; and inflexible service delivery approaches. Lack of awareness of available services and/or confidence in knowing how to access these services was also identified
as a barrier. More generally, participants noted the transition from specialist services to mainstream services could prove challenging for migrant and refugee women, due to the diluted level of language and culturally appropriate responses provided by mainstream
services. Furthermore, many people do not take up services and rely on other informal support networks (e.g., family support networks and friends).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">The study revealed a wide variety of program and service types being delivered to migrant women. Most service providers reported that their organisations delivered multiple
services to their client group rather than just one dedicated program or service. In terms of how clients were referred to services, service providers reported that clients often directly approached services, without referrals. In some cases, informal referral
pathways were also used such as hearing about services from community and family members. Otherwise, formal pathways included referrals from other mainstream services or service providers, and referrals from government.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Evidence-based service delivery and program evaluation<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">A key aim of the study was to assess the extent to which services and programs were evidence-based. Most survey participants reported that evidence-based practices were a
feature of the programs and services delivered to migrant and refugee women. For example, a little over one half of participants reported their service or program was based on an already existing evidence-based program. The majority (around two thirds) reported
that aspects of their service, such as program aims and objectives, were documented and readily available to other service providers. A little over three quarters of participants reported that at least one type of evaluation of their program or service had
been undertaken to measure impact and client outcomes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Best-practice principles in service delivery for migrant women and their families<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">The project aimed to identify best practice in service delivery to migrant women. Five key principles were identified by service providers as being important in supporting
migrant women and enhancing service delivery to the cohort.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Service providers highlighted the need to deliver services in a
<b>gender responsive and culturally appropriate</b> manner. While it may seem obvious, it is clearly a central aspect of delivering best practice to migrant and refugee women.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Culturally competent delivery</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444"> was also identified
as being critical for both engaging clients and maintaining ongoing relationships with their client base. A culturally diverse and bilingual workforce (including the employment of migrant and refugee women themselves) was identified as a key aspect of best
practice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Survey participants nominated
<b>collaboration</b> with other <b>settlement and mainstream service providers</b> as an important mechanism for empowering and supporting migrant women, offering referral opportunities that would not be possible otherwise and ensuring holistic service responses.
Collaboration with mainstream services was also vital where migrant women services did not have expertise in a particular area, for example partnering with specialised family violence services.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Fostering
<b>collaborative relationships</b> with <b>migrant and refugee community leaders</b> was also critical as these relationships helped services better understand the needs and experiences of their clients and also served an important purpose in promoting service
visibility.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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</span></span></span><![endif]><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">A
<b>strengths-based approach to service delivery</b> harnessed the positives and strengths that migrant women and refugees possess and was another key avenue to empowering these women.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Key gaps in service and program delivery and key priorities to fill these service gaps<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">An important focus of the study was to explore issues around service gaps and key priorities in the provision of services to migrant women. Five service gaps were identified
by service providers, and some priorities were identified to help address each of these gaps.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">1. Delivery of services in a gender sensitive and responsive way:</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444"> Many
survey participants noted that cultural norms and gender roles could hinder the uptake of services. Effective service delivery also needs to be attuned to the added family and caring obligations that migrant women were often responsible for. Flexibility in
service access, eligibility and delivery options was seen to be an important mechanism to address these issues.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">The service providers gave the example of migrant and refugee women experiencing competing tensions between their need to learn English and secure employment and their need
to care for family and children. Clients may then commence English classes and seek employment later, after their family is more settled in Australia. These results highlight the importance of flexible program designs that recognise that clients’ needs can
vary over time. Along with identifying client needs at intake, <b>regular and ongoing needs assessments</b> could therefore help support effective service delivery to migrant women.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Priorities<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">The design and delivery of services and programs are provided in a gender responsive way, being mindful of particular gender issues within the cultural context.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">While eligible Adult Migrant English Program (AMEP) clients can apply for an extension to the five year time limit to commence classes, consideration should be given to making
English language classes via AMEP available after five years of settlement to migrant and refugee women with caring responsibilities. This specific recommendation refers to the broader finding that effective service and program delivery requires an understanding
of the potential challenges for migrant women in relation to employment and education, given competing priorities of family and child care responsibilities.<sup><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://aifs.gov.au/publications/executive-summary-1%23footnote-001&c=E,1,e8TlkZpOrRTRfnq2_c9Bezn4gH6yFj6yueDGRO_EXb-H43CR2udaWyrzVtCZU13u9M30WZowZoaNtQy3eDCC-PHzjFKLtpDqvOnMJLNSfwy1AZjDgC2MJNuZIA,,&typo=1"><span style="color:#0F6AAF">1</span></a></sup><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Programs that recognise that clients’ needs vary at different points in the settlement journey and “one size does not fit all”. Identifying client needs at intake and regular
and ongoing needs assessments can promote effective service delivery by ensuring that programs and services support clients as their needs evolve over time<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">2. Cultural competency and mainstream service delivery:</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444"> Our participants
suggested that there was great variation in service providers’ ability to deliver services in a culturally and linguistically appropriate manner within mainstream services. Study participants reported that mainstream service providers may sometimes lack the
cultural competency required to provide appropriate support to migrant and refugee women. They may also lack knowledge of cultural and religious differences, which may hinder their ability to provide effective services. The service providers emphasised the
importance of training and support for mainstream services to enhance understanding of cultural practices within different ethnic groups, which could then be reflected in their program and service delivery.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Priorities<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">An increased focus for mainstream service providers on the importance of culturally and linguistically appropriate delivery of services for this client group. This will help
to ensure that the needs of refugee and migrant women are supported and achieved.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Training and other supports for mainstream programs and services to further enhance culturally and linguistically appropriate service delivery.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">3. Greater visibility and promotion of service accessibility:</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444"> Barriers
to service access were identified as a much greater challenge than the availability of services. While many services provided materials and promotion in languages other than English, language barriers were reported by participants to be the most significant
barrier hindering migrant women from accessing appropriate services. Study participants reported that up-skilling former clients and volunteers so that they can assist in the delivery of services is one approach to help address language barriers and culturally
competent service delivery. The promotion of services to client groups was seen as important to ensuring that migrant women could access the services they require to support their needs. An offering of outreach services was identified by participants as one
way to help promote greater levels of service accessibility to migrant women. This would need adequate resourcing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Priorities<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Priority needs to be given to promoting the visibility and accessibility of existing services to key client groups.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Programs and services are supported to up-skill former clients and volunteers from a refugee and migrant background to assist in the delivery of services. This can help to
address language barriers and promote service accessibility.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Programs and services are supported to offer flexible services such as outreach and home visits to help promote accessibility of services to migrant and refugee women.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">There is a need for the delivery of program and service promotion in languages other than English to ensure clients are matched to appropriate services and client needs are
understood.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">4. Transition to mainstream services and the move towards mainstream service delivery in large hubs:</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">
The challenges and issues with the transition to mainstream service delivery for migrant and refugee women are those related to gender and culture, as well as the other factors discussed above. The way these services are accessed can be a challenge, with mainstream
services increasingly delivered through service delivery hubs, which involves a central intake point that then links or refers clients to other services. While survey participants acknowledged service delivery hubs as an important model, some concerns were
raised that this approach had the potential to dilute the cultural and linguistic capacity and flexibility required to provide services and support the needs of migrant and refugee women. Some suggested the move towards more centralised service delivery could
also create anxiety and uncertainty for those migrants who lack English language proficiency when they are asked to undertake intake and assessment procedures over the telephone.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Priorities<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Further research is needed to explore how best to support migrant and refugee women as they transition from specialist services to mainstream services.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Consideration should be given to providing funding for community and grassroots services to partner with mainstream services to ensure post-settlement needs for migrant women
are met.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">The provision of funding to ensure migrant and refugee specialists are part of service delivery hubs should be explored.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">5. Funding for post-settlement services and reporting requirements:</span></b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444"> A lack
of dedicated funding towards support services for migrant and refugee women in the post-settlement period (that is beyond five years after arrival) was identified as a service gap by the service providers participating in the research. Some service providers
noted that they provide support to refugee and migrant women across the settlement spectrum, from new arrivals through to women who have been settled in Australia for up to 20 years. However, there is little to no dedicated funding for targeted services beyond
the initial five-year settlement period.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Service providers also reported that existing funding arrangements make it necessary for their organisations to undertake several small grant applications and secure funding
from a diverse range of sources in order to maintain their presence in the service landscape and deliver services to their client group. Service providers told us that securing funding for their programs and services via these mechanisms often involved additional
reporting and evaluation of outcomes and these requirements divert resources from actual service delivery. To balance the need between reporting requirements and efficient service delivery, further consideration could be given to whether information provided
through other reporting mechanisms could streamline reporting requirements for service providers working in this space.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaSemibold;color:#444444">Priorities<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Explore options to streamline funding sources and reduce red tape to maximise efficient delivery of services and minimise administrative tasks.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:ProximaNovaRegular;color:#444444">Undertake more focused research to better understand how funding arrangements and the provision of services in the post-settlement period (five years after arrival) can best
support migrant and refugee women.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt">______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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