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<p class="MsoNormal"><b>From:</b> WUNRN LISTSERVE [<a href="mailto:wunrn1@gmail.com">mailto:wunrn1@gmail.com</a>]
<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Monday, September 25, 2017 5:35 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> WUNRN ListServe (<a href="mailto:wunrn_listserve@lists.wunrn.com">wunrn_listserve@lists.wunrn.com</a>) <<a href="mailto:wunrn_listserve@lists.wunrn.com">wunrn_listserve@lists.wunrn.com</a>><br>
<b>Subject:</b> Women's Leadership Can Strengthen Resilience to Climate Change<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">WUNRN<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http://www.wunrn.com/&c=E,1,JCebXLSernvLh7O7yK5-Hntx2K2X4JNTMCHTJqx_ILxcElrS2uSNdufMV8Qfs1qFGsbn1wz2_p2zBRIZKwzKYA_Bx6YZXlETyoQVZl8,&typo=1">http://www.wunrn.com</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http://www.irinnews.org/opinion/2017/09/20/don-t-ignore-one-group-can-make-climate-action-happen%3futm_source%3dIRIN+-+the+inside+story+on+emergencies%26utm_campaign%3d81b6bbc9fe-RSS_EMAIL_ENGLISH_ALL%26utm_medium%3demail%26utm_term%3d0_d842d98289-81b6bbc9fe-15654885&c=E,1,ChCzTlqhhFiXNOco3sAz_Px0EdCppDiKKec4Di1SmqxhaNdavvOdayyUh3DkeIqaXIzHHJsIqlkhxIKPYPaa0HOzeSwFxvepM3TRMJIxzH-x&typo=1">http://www.irinnews.org/opinion/2017/09/20/don-t-ignore-one-group-can-make-climate-action-happen?utm_source=IRIN+-+the+inside+story+on+emergencies&utm_campaign=81b6bbc9fe-RSS_EMAIL_ENGLISH_ALL&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_d842d98289-81b6bbc9fe-15654885</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:16.0pt">WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP CAN STRENGTHEN RESILIENCE TO CLIMATE CHANGE<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:30.0pt;line-height:14.4pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:karmina;color:#222222">By Everjoice Win<b> -
</b></span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:proxima-nova;color:#222222">International Director of Programmes & Global Engagement at Action Aid International<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:30.0pt;line-height:14.4pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">20 September 2017 - Last year, the planet suffered the terrible impacts of one of the worst drought and hunger crises seen for decades. At the end of 2015, 30 percent
of the global land area was in drought conditions, one of the highest figures since modern record keeping began.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">As many in the humanitarian sector will already be aware, this deep and extended crisis was brought on by a disastrous combination of climate change and the 2015 to 2016
El Niņo cycle. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">In
<a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http://www.irinnews.org/analysis/2016/01/28/southern-africa%25E2%2580%2599s-food-crisis-numbers&c=E,1,LQnkdbG9gl11cjnmuoWlgVFKK1Qoei1jQGUiOmFVnKo4bw6K7h6whtD70mCL_n6c_bDagMSnj3RqoswVkdJMp5JUWUqgEYlmUe6BDG4GbXlRm1PBmQ,,&typo=1">
<b><span style="color:#165B9A;text-decoration:none">Southern Africa</span></b></a>, which was one of the hardest hit regions, countries faced their worst drought in 35 years. National emergencies were declared in Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Swaziland, and Zimbabwe.
In South Africa, eight out of nine of the country’s provinces, which collectively produce 90 percent of the country’s maize, were affected.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">This time last year, 18 million people in Southern Africa were estimated to be food insecure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">While El Niņo is a naturally occurring global weather cycle that takes place every three to seven years, many scientists conclude that it and climate change combined last
year to create new and extreme impacts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">This was the year in which the Earth’s atmosphere experienced its highest ever level of greenhouse gases. It was also the hottest year on record, the third record year
in a row. Last year’s El Niņo was also one of the strongest events on record, as well as one of the longest lasting.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">And as anyone working in the humanitarian sector will know, the effects of this drought have been devastating. The impacts of El Niņo went beyond causing immediate hunger,
jeopardising the longer-term prospects for farming and often wiping out livelihoods in the process. These long-term impacts of the crisis continue to affect many people today.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:16.8pt">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#666666">The most vulnerable<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">The drought felt across Southern Africa has had particularly damaging outcomes for women smallholder farmers, who make up 43 percent of developing countries’ agricultural
labour force.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">As with any kind of disaster, women are particularly vulnerable to the impacts. Being a woman will often mean additional work and social burdens, but lower status and
fewer privileges when disaster strikes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">Negative “coping mechanisms” commonly employed by women and girls became much more widespread as a result of the El Niņo drought. For example, women frequently put their
children and husband’s nutrition first during disasters, and were often the last to eat, if there was any food left for them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">Women and girls reported needing to walk for several hours longer each day to find scarce water, thus missing out on education, income and rest opportunities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">In Malawi and Lesotho, reports from communities working with
<a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http://www.actionaid.org/&c=E,1,z2sygQoiUTnvFyK0V1hLm_xdvXvKNz36ZsRocciywaCSbJQFdOlO08yo2D4fKMmm-xo_QnFp-szvrpiWsi6CknXnkxeajQZ4-2dqhg,,&typo=1">
<b><span style="color:#165B9A;text-decoration:none">ActionAid</span></b></a>, the anti-poverty NGO, indicated that some women were resorting to sex work to make ends meet, putting them at higher risk of violence and HIV & AIDS. Child marriages were also reported
to be on the increase.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">These trends threaten women and younger girls' well-being, and can further hold them back from taking part in activities that could improve their own status and human
rights, their resilience – and that of their family and community – in the longer term.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">Fortunately, Southern Africa is now in a recovery phase. This is a long and slow process, because the extended drought has taken a severe toll on communities’ incomes,
livestock, land, savings, education, health, and more.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">But with climate change worsening, we know that extreme weather events are becoming increasingly frequent and severe. Any recovery and rebuilding efforts must have an
eye on the future, and the climate change impacts that will likely continue to affect the region. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">Recovery efforts as well as ongoing programmes in development and agriculture in the region must therefore prioritise adaptation, disaster prevention, and preparedness.
Amid the crisis last year, a number of key initiatives can teach us important lessons on effective strategies to scale up resilience.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:16.8pt">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#666666">Women’s leadership<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">The critical importance of working with women in development as well as in crisis situations is becoming increasingly recognised in the sector, and ActionAid found this
approach to be a key reason for success in both strengthening farmers’ resilience to drought, and in responding to the disaster.</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif">
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Georgia",serif;color:#222222">"Women know what they want, what they need, and what can help them in times of disasters"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">It is well recognised that those hardest hit during disasters are the most vulnerable sections of society, such as women, girls, and persons with disabilities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">The exclusion and disadvantages women and girls face long before disasters strike mean they often have unequal access to, and control over, productive resources such as
land and services like education, health care, the ability to build assets and reduce risks, or to access post disaster relief. Disasters such as the El Niņo crisis further entrench these inequalities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">But women are responsible for most of the food produced and eaten in many African countries, and are responsible for key household activities. Women often hold families
and communities together, yet they are all too-often made invisible, regarded as dependent on males, and are left out of key decision-making processes. Sexual and gender based violence, which women already disproportionately experience across most societies,
are often exacerbated and magnified during disasters.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">Addressing chronic underlying vulnerabilities, including those faced by women, can therefore go a long way towards preventing recurrent and preventable crises.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">Improved gender equality is proven to make humanitarian response outcomes more effective, in particular when recognising and promoting women’s leadership, so that they
can address barriers within their communities as well as meeting women and girls’ collective needs and upholding their rights. Women know what they want, what they need, and what can help them in times of disasters. It is imperative that aid agencies talk
to the women themselves and involve them throughout the programme cycles.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">Furthermore, promoting and valuing women’s leadership is a profound way of fundamentally (and hopefully permanently) shifting the unequal power relations common across
most communities. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">Women’s leadership should therefore be at the core of both community adaptation programmes, as well as disaster preparedness and risk reduction programmes. Programmes
and policies must actively pursue the participation, empowerment, and leadership of women in addressing climate change impacts and future crises.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:16.8pt">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#666666">Agroecology<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">Agriculture plays a critical role in food security, livelihoods, and development in Southern Africa. Ensuring that agriculture is able to adapt to a changing climate is
therefore a key component of ensuring rural communities’ resilience.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">“<a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http://www.arc2020.eu/agroecology/briefing-note-agroecology/&c=E,1,oGdx1NNa9mS7TNIewDvzL2dFZClhwrpiqc4Q2H77TlYf0NwAfTkERsit6BoLbLwR6XC2buett7y3t93lXKCeGp8CLUqACwK3UbzfEg,,&typo=1"><b><span style="color:#165B9A;text-decoration:none">Agroecology</span></b></a>”
is a name for a set of agricultural techniques that apply ecological principles to agriculture, and which are proving to be one of the most effective resilience strategies available to smallholder farmers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">These techniques work with nature, increase biodiversity, and avoid harmful agro-chemicals that can impact the environment and human health. Agroecology is similar to
“organic” farming, but specifically seeks to advance the interests of smallholder farmers, their rights over resources such as local seed diversity, and to strengthen their local economies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">In the face of erratic rainfall and weather patterns brought on by climate change, agroecology is
<a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2016/oct/09/agroecological-farming-feed-world-africa&c=E,1,1xKTnIkDZ7Lh7NOF6pq3FnPpqqzraFIlQ245g0arukBp3Q9H9A2nEXND-lpEg5c_L74ViTHTw2hER4X4TZWOJqYgayC6dTu5nExEbpfy3oACWys,&typo=1">
<b><span style="color:#165B9A;text-decoration:none">proving to be a lifesaver</span></b></a>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">The addition of organic materials improves soil structure, helping it to absorb more water and to retain it in times of low rainfall and drought, as well as to retain
its structure in times of heavy rainfall and flooding. By increasing locally adapted crop diversity, farmers can also spread their risk and reduce the likelihood of crop failure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">With unpredictable and extreme weather events on the rise as a result of climate change, farmers, NGOs and policy-makers must open their eyes and minds to the importance
of these approaches.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:15.0pt;line-height:16.8pt">
<b><span lang="EN" style="font-size:15.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#666666">Joined-up policy needed<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">It’s clear that policies for adaptation, development, disaster risk reduction, and climate change must be more effectively integrated and coherent. As Southern African
countries develop their <a href="https://linkprotect.cudasvc.com/url?a=http://unfccc.int/adaptation/workstreams/national_adaptation_plans/items/6057.php&c=E,1,hfoRplz3w9tZrc5nPy8rRxLzCxBqXijaRPEdes8vZ1lGyrT_FMKETZEVSa1O2oD5_m11ZSptHzA7uKiQcVVYNKY7LjlyPpOPTc6YC1N_hy1b4Mjm&typo=1">
<b><span style="color:#165B9A;text-decoration:none">National Adaptation Plans</span></b></a>, ministries must reach out to a range of stakeholders and consider these cross-cutting lessons.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">They must challenge their assumptions, break moulds, and adapt their policies to the new realities of climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:.25in;line-height:18.0pt">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica",sans-serif;color:#222222">Women’s leadership and agroecology are two vital tools that are urgently needed in Southern Africa for strengthening resilience to the challenges of climate change.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">________________________________________<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
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