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<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US"> WUNRN_LISTSERVE-owner@lists.wunrn.com [mailto:WUNRN_LISTSERVE-owner@lists.wunrn.com]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>WUNRN LISTSERVE<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Tuesday, 11 July 2017 2:31 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> WUNRN ListServe <wunrn_listserve@lists.wunrn.com><br>
<b>Subject:</b> [WUNRN] Household Water Insecurity Cross-Cultural Measurement Scale Project for Safe Water in Sufficient Quantities<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US">WUNRN<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.wunrn.com/">http://www.wunrn.com</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman",serif"><a href="http://sites.northwestern.edu/hwise/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;color:blue">http://sites.northwestern.edu/hwise/.</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:20.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="http://sites.northwestern.edu/hwise/"><span style="color:#CEA525;text-decoration:none">Household Water Insecurity Experiences (HWISE) Scale</span></a><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;letter-spacing:1.5pt">A cross-culturally validated scale to measure water insecurity at the household level<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:center">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:white;background:#CEA525"> MANY FAMILIES DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:center">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:white;background:#CEA525"> SAFE WATER IN SUFFICIENT QUANTITIES </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Water (in)security is a complex, multifaceted topic. Each year,
<b><a href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/2/2/e1500323"><span style="color:#CEA525;text-decoration:none">4 billion people experience severe water scarcity</span></a></b> for at least 1 month of the year. This issue is compounded by the fact that, worldwide,
<b><a href="http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en/"><span style="color:#CEA525;text-decoration:none">663 million people lack access to an improved water source</span></a></b> (and are at high risk for drinking contaminated water). In an effort to
better understand the underpinnings of this highly prevalent problem, our research team has developed a working definition of water security that seeks to capture the multi-dimensional aspects of water and its use. Water insecurity is when any dimension (quality,
quantity, availability, accessibility) is not achieved.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:center">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://sites.northwestern.edu/hwies/files/2017/05/Screen-Shot-2017-06-26-at-1.05.10-PM-1066qpz.png"><b><span style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#CEA525;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="478" height="382" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image002.jpg@01D2F999.F6FF88A0" alt="https://sites.northwestern.edu/hwies/files/2017/05/Screen-Shot-2017-06-26-at-1.05.10-PM-1066qpz-300x240.png"></span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><img border="0" width="367" height="367" id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image004.jpg@01D2F999.F6FF88A0" alt="https://sites.northwestern.edu/ghwis/files/2017/06/2-y1ksg4-300x300.png"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:center">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:white;background:#CEA525"> WATER INSECURITY IS AN ISSUE WORLDWIDE </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:center">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:white;background:#CEA525"> BUT THERE EXISTS NO WAY TO MEASURE IT </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:center">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:white;background:#CEA525"> AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;background:#CEA525"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.0pt"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Water insecurity is widely recognized as a burgeoning global health issue</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">.
Unfortunately, the extreme consequences of drought and water scarcity are <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959378011001804">
<span style="color:#CEA525;text-decoration:none">projected to become more prevalent due to climate change</span></a> – increasing water salinity, prolonged dry periods, poorer agricultural conditions.
<b>Despite this, the scientific community lacks the tools to meaningfully measure the issue of household water insecurity</b>, a measurement that is necessary to identify high-risk communities for policy planning and program development.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:center">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:white;background:#6395AB"> OUR MISSION: TO DEVELOP A CROSS-CULTURALLY VALIDATED </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;text-align:center">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:white;background:#6395AB"> SCALE THAT MEASURES HOUSEHOLD-LEVEL WATER INSECURITY </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:18.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">A variety of data and indicators currently exist to capture water insecurity at the macro-level. However, no
scales currently capture the unique experiences of water insecure individuals. <b>
We hope to fill this gap by developing a cross-culturally validated scale that measures household water insecurity.</b> This tool will enable scientists, program developers, and community leaders to determine the magnitude of water insecurity, to track its
change over time, and to measure the effectiveness of various interventions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.0pt"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://sites.northwestern.edu/hwies/files/2017/05/GHWIS_WEBSITE_Page_5-1s5ihk7-e1498514185190.jpg"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif;color:#CEA525;text-decoration:none"><img border="0" width="657" height="394" id="Picture_x0020_5" src="cid:image009.jpg@01D2F999.F6FF88A0" alt="https://sites.northwestern.edu/hwies/files/2017/05/GHWIS_WEBSITE_Page_5-1s5ihk7-e1498514185190-300x180.jpg"></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">Scales that measure water insecurity exist mostly at the macro-level. No cross-culturally validated scales currently exist at
the household or individual level.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif">__________________________________________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:18.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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